Reaction Paper: Ayala and National Museum Essay

When we visited these museums, National Museum and the Ayala Museum, both have shown the prosperity of our history and culture. The museums have shown us why and how Filipinos go beyond during that time. The museums have an abundant role in nourishing us Filipinos the past of our history and culture. Of course, in a sense of reminding us what our heroes have done in order to give us the freedom and how our ancestors lived. In my opinion, the museums have shown the importance of the Philippine history. They want us to be conscious about how our ancestors prospered and how much wealth our ancestors were in culture and at the same time, suffered. At the Ayala museum, we have seen many gold objects, ceramics, and artifacts which were kept for us to see how our ancestors in pre- colonial period lived and their culture and beliefs before. Our ancestors somehow have similarities to the beliefs of the Egyptians wherein, they believed in after life. We saw masks wherein the museum explained that it was used to cover holes of a dead person so that no other souls will enter the body. Filipinos before already have the belief that our body was the temple of the soul. Other gold objects represents the ranks in the society just like what we saw in the said museum that was displayed. The ceramics have shown how our ancestors traded crafts from other countries particularly in China and how our country made good contacts to them. These revealed how beautiful our culture was before as well as the status of the Filipinos. The fabrics displayed at the Ayala museum have shown us how Filipinos before evolved in terms of cultural aspects because of the colonization that occurred. The paintings showed the history in an artistic way. The artworks I remembered were the paintings of Juan Luna and Carlos Botong Francisco. Their paintings were based on what they saw in our history. Especially, in the paintings of Carlos which I think I really appreciated because of the video clip they’ve done to make the paintings become alive. These artworks emphasized the events that happened in the past and portrayed the Philippines. Unfortunately, I wasn’t that lucky to get a chance to contemplate each of the paintings. One thing I noticed that the paintings as what I have said, were truly describes our history and as well as our identity as a Filipinos. Captivating dioramas also helped us to really understand and visualize our past. It was made pieces by pieces and the materials were very detailed. It has a total of 60 dioramas and it was arranged in sequence which helped us to understand what really happened. The dioramas gave me the feeling as the part of the history as if I was there in the actual event. Our visit in these museums, I can actually say that it helped me to reflect my identity as a Filipino citizen. In our present community, it seems that our history was not being perished anymore. Some didn’t really care about our history and culture anymore. Our beliefs, our natives, ancestors and many things related on what we are as a Filipino. It’s the fact that many of us didn’t appreciate what we are as a Filipino. Nowadays, we’re too obsessed in the culture of other countries which leads in forgetting our own. For me, as a Filipino, by the help of these museums strengthen my identity as a Filipino. Why? It is because these museums represents how our ancestors bravely fought which were in the way to our liberty and how wealth our culture was before.

Aero-Space Engineering †The New Field of Engineering

Aero-space engineering is a new field of engineering that has tight links with the fields of astro-physics, theoretical physics, chemistry, structural engineering, and space dynamics. It is definitely an old form of engineering if we refer to the space launch in the 1960’s, but this field is considered new because the new theoretical propositions in both space chemistry and astro-physics were put to test. New methods deserved new application. First, aero space engineers takes part in the designing of launch pads stationed in a body of water, say in the Atlantic or Pacific oceans. Engineers in the 1960’s to 70’s faced the difficulty of achieving bouyancy of launch pads due to some miscalculations or rudimentary tools. Because of advances in theoretical physics, these calculations were corrected. Aero-space engineers were able to develop launch pads that can be released from bodies of water. They were also able to develop spacecraft parts that can withstand the temperature in space. They were also the once who developed highly efficient landing tools for rovers and the Viking satellites. Because of the difficulty of their work, an aero-space engineer has to study the environment of a place (a planet or satellite) before the major design for a landing probe start. They would have to consult with other scientists trained in other fields to get data and advice. They would have to coalesce these pieces of data to dvelop or modify space equipments. The more complicated the data, the more complicated is the resulting technology. It is then of no doubt that an aero-space engineer would have to take a wide range of courses from ecology to physics to astro-physics. This would ensure that the would-be aero-space engineer has a wide-range of knowledge when it comes to design and modification. Although aero-space engineering is offered only in some American universities, its prospect for the future is great. There is a wide array of possibilities waiting for any graduate of the new field. NASA is offering wide range of job (highly paid) for these graduates. Reference: The Princeton Review. Career Profiles: Aero-Space Engineer. Princeton Review Publishing, 1997. Related links: http://www.discoverengineering.org/Engineers/aerospace_engineering.asp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering   

Intercultural Relationships And Communication In School Education Essay

Globalization has made states and civilizations interrelated and interconnected with each other. This applies possibly in every facet of human life- from regional and governmental pacts, internationalisation of concern and trade and even instruction at single degrees. The universe has gone virtually smaller and we now experience a sense of planetary small town. With the promotions in information and communicating engineering and transit industry, geographical barriers can no longer impede communicating. This leads to the dramatic addition in intercultural communicating chances. Whether through computing machine mediated communicating or face to confront communicating, we can now interchange information and novice communicating with people of other nationalities and civilization. In the field of instruction, diverseness has besides been observed to increase over the old ages. However, along with these increased chances, are jobs caused by clangs of cultural differences. These struggles are brought about by barriers to effectual intercultural communicating. Hence, to get the better of these barriers and maximise the acquisition chances from intercultural communicating, we need to get intercultural communicating accomplishments which were derived from the common interpersonal communicating with accent on the particular features of interpersonal communicating. The range of this survey shall include these intercultural communicating jobs and intercultural communicating accomplishments will be observed in the visible radiation of instruction as an establishment that fosters cultural diverseness and provides chances for intercultural communicating.Statement of the ProblemThe immediate response of pedagogues in the emerging diverseness in the schoolroom is inclusion. However, inclusion is argued to hold been a failure in turn toing diversenesss other than disablements, gender and faith. In the coming of globalisation, diverseness in the schoolroom may besides be attributed to cultural differences. It can be assumed that intercultural relationships have besides been bing within the schoolroom scene. With this, it can be argued that intercultural communicating will be a more effectual scheme to turn to cultural diverseness within the schoolroom. Hence, this survey aims to turn to this research inquiry: How can intercultural relationships and communicating be described in the schoolroom scene? The specific inquiries that this survey will prosecute are the undermentioned: What are present conditions of intercultural relationships and communications? ; What are the bing intercultural communicating jobs Rodriguez High School pupils? ; What are cultural barriers and factors taking to these jobs? ; What are the deductions or consequences of these jobs? ; How skilled are participants in intercultural communicating? ; and What effectual communicating scheme could be recommended for usage?Aims of the StudyStill within the range of globalisation, internationalisation of instruction is besides an emerging tendency. This leads to observation of cultural diverseness within schoolroom scenes. Oftentimes, cultural differences lead to jobs such as intimidation, pigeonholing and sometimes, instances of school force. Although inclusion schemes are applied in the recent old ages, it has non truly solved the jobs within the pupil degrees. Therefore, to avoid these jobs, this survey aims to research intercultural relationships and the intercultural communicating within a schoolroom puting with the usage of instance survey analysis. To accomplish this purpose, this survey proposes to purse the undermentioned aims: depict the present status of intercultural relationships and communications ; place intercultural communicating jobs among selected high school pupils of Rodriguez High School pupils ; find the cultural barriers and factors taking to these jobs ; happen out the deductions or consequences of these jobs ; step the intercultural communicating accomplishments of the participants ; urge effectual communicating scheme.Postulates of the StudyThis survey is anchored in the premise that intercultural relationships and communicating can be observed within the schoolroom puting with the usage of instance survey. The specific posits for this survey are the undermentioned: intercultural relationships and communicating exist in the schoolroom scene ; there are jobs in the efficaciousness of the communicating ; there are cultural barriers that hinder efficaciousness of intercultural communicating ; these jobs and barriers lead to more serious deductions ; intercultural communicating accomplishments are factors for more effectual communicating ; and intercultural communicating schemes can assist in turn toing cultural diverseness in a schoolroom scene.REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATUREThis subdivision provides a brief literature reappraisal of the constructs related to this survey including cultural diverseness, intercultural relationships, and intercultural communicating.Diversity and Cultural DifferencesCorsini ( 1984 ) described cultural differences as a merchandise of ways its people work, value of ownerships and manner of thought which are influenced by civilization ‘s instructions or cultural symbols. The civilization ‘s instructions and ownerships are so passed over coevalss to coevalss. Apart from this corporate observation, cultural differences are besides observed at the single degree which pertains to personality versus the societal systems of features ( Hall, 2006 ) . Cultural differences in instruction are observed in three types: universal, primary and secondary. Universal cultural differences occur universally as every kid needs to set to new civilization in the schoolroom that is frequently really different from that of the civilization at place. Primary cultural differences, on the other manus, go on when people of different and dominant civilization teach their civilization to people who already have their ain civilization. This leads to secondary cultural differences wherein the voluntary minorities are willing to accept the dominant civilization while the nonvoluntary minorities resist it ( Hall, 2006 ) . More frequently than non, cultural differences lead to assorted types of jobs and unfavourable conditions. While there is now a thin line dividing voluntary and nonvoluntary minorities, struggles within an establishment or organisation are frequently attributed to clangs between two different civilizations. With the coming of globalisation and the universe going virtually smaller, cultural differences become more and more seeable. Intercultural relationship presents is going more and more inevitable.Intercultural Relationships and ProblemsOne factor that peculiarly emphasized intercultural relationship is globalisation. Although there are different perceptual experiences and definitions of globalisation, the common subject among economical, political and anthropological points of position is connectedness. Peoples of different civilizations can no longer populate to be reciprocally sole to that of other civilizations ( Samover, Porter and McDaniel, 2007 ) . This connectedness brings about intercultural relationships in all facets of human life. Hence, there is a demand to extinguish jobs related to cultural differences and to set up good intercultural relationships. Some job that hinders good intercultural relationship are pigeonholing and individuality freeze. When a individual is viewed to be a member of his ain cultural group, he is forced into the predefined class and his alone features and capablenesss are frequently neglected. This threatens the single whether the stereotyping is positive or negative ( Gudykunst, 2005 ) . However, Adler and Gunderson ( 2008 ) argued that favourable intercultural relationship is best achieved by doing cultural diverseness and differences more seeable. Although acknowledgment of cultural differences may be viewed to be simplistic, crude, racialist, male chauvinist, or pigeonholing it should be kept in head that acknowledgment is different from judging. Recognition goes with regard of the differences and similarities every bit good. Judging, on the other manus, include bias that limits the perceptual experience of one ‘s full potency. Diverseness can be favourable to intercultural relationship when cultural differences are recognized without bias. One of the best ways to accomplish cultural synergism and good intercultural relationship is by adhering to rules of effectual communicating and intercultural communicating.Intercultural CommunicationIn this paper, we adopt the definition of communicating as an exchange of thoughts between two entities- the basic constituent of interpersonal communicating. Communication so, is a bipartisan procedure of spring and take. While the first theories of communicating analyzed to be one manner as holding an beginning ( beginning ) and finish ( receiving system ) , it has been now widely accepted that beginning and receiving system is replaced as participants of the interacting flow of thoughts. Intercultural communicating is a type of communicating happening between people with different civilizations. This communicating oftentimes makes participants dying and tense because they may happen it difficult to understand each other ‘s manner of believing. They may besides be utilizing different verbal and non-verbal codifications within the class of the communicating. Hence, the consequence of this type of communicating is less predictable so significances of such codifications should be negotiated carefully ( Fielding, 2006 ) . Communication is intercultural when differences in cultural positions hinder the formation of a individual and shared civilization. Absence of shared civilization may take to contradictions and struggles on significances of shared symbols ( Baraldi, 2006 ) . Some researches argue that the globalisation tendency increases the chance for intercultural communicating ( Samovar et al. , 2000 ) . On the other manus, some provinces that it is the intercultural relationships and communicating that paved the manner for globalisation and its increasing tendency ( Baraldi, 2006 ) . Either manner, what is more of import is to place agencies on how to accomplish better intercultural relationship and to place and forestall cultural barriers that hinder effectual intercultural communicating.Cultural Barriers to Effective CommunicationFielding ( 2009 ) enumerated the undermentioned cultural barriers that hinder efficaciousness of intercultural communicating: stereotyping, ethnocentrism, defensiveness or involuntariness to accept other people ‘s thoughts, linguistic communication barriers, differences in construing non-verbal codification, differences in beliefs and values, bias and premises, differences in universe position, and unequal power. Hence, these should be avoided in order to accomplish good intercultural relationship and effectual intercultural communicating. Respect in malice of differences is of outermost importance. However, Baraldi ( 2006 ) argued that intercultural communicating ‘s modernist position have evolved from respectful conversation to creative activity of a new civilization. He called this phenomenon as taint being brought about by cultural hybridisation and intercultural communicating. The new civilization is composed of the old participating civilizations and the freshly shared cultural symbolic signifier.Intercultural Communication SkillsIntercultural communicating accomplishments are indispensable towards effectual communicating. These accomplishments may be different from the usual interpersonal communicating that we use with others within the same civilization. Based on assorted researches, Williams ( 2005 ) summarized four general classs of intercultural communicating accomplishments: 1 ) flexibleness and unfastened mindedness, 2 ) cultural empathy and non-judgmental, 3 ) personal liberty composed of personal strength and stableness, and 4 ) ability to cover with stresso rs in the class of the intercultural communicating. These accomplishments can besides be grouped based on the undermentioned dimensions: cognitive ( the head ) , affectional ( the emotions ) and behavioural ( the psychomotor ) dimensions. In general, effectual intercultural communicating can be achieved by willingness to get the better of the barriers and obtain these accomplishments.Theories of Intercultural CommunicationTo better understand the construct of intercultural communicating, theories and theoretical accounts of the procedure are besides devised. While intercultural communicating may non be wholly different from the usual communicating procedures, it is imperative to include the particular features of intercultural communicating in its several theoretical accounts. The convergence theoretical account of communicating of Kincaid ( 1981 ) , communicating is defined as a procedure wherein two participants exchange information to make a degree of common apprehension. Cultural convergence theory is based on the convergence theoretical account of communicating devised by Kincaid ( 1981 ) . This was used to invent a mathematical theory of the effects brought approximately by communicating within cultural differences. In the Torahs of thermodynamics, it can be predicted that all participants ‘ communicating in a closed system may meet over clip. Cultural divergency theory predicts the convergence of two corporate cognitive provinces if the members of the two civilizations converge ( Gudykunst, 2005 ) . Another relevant intercultural communicating theory is the individuality direction theory of Cupach and Imahori ( 1993 ) . This is based on the interpersonal communicating competency theory. Interpersonal competency is one ‘s ability to negociate reciprocally the acceptable individualities of interaction ( Gudykunst, 2005 ) . This can be extended to intercultural communicating accomplishments summarized from Williams ( 2005 ) mentioned in the old subdivision. In this survey, these theories will be used. With the cultural convergence theory, it can be predicted that there will be convergence and accomplishment of common apprehension within a closed system or the schoolroom over clip. Furthermore, the intercultural communicating accomplishments can be utilised towards the accomplishment of common apprehension.STUDY FRAMEWORKThis chapter introduces the theoretical and conceptual models of the survey. Furthermore, the operational definitions of footings used in the survey are outlined. This survey shall research the cross-cultural jobs among high school pupils in Rodriguez High School.Theoretical ModelThe theoretical model of this survey is centered on two theories explicating the procedure of intercultural communicating: the cultural convergence theory and the individuality direction theory. With the cultural convergence theory, it is predicted that common apprehension can be achieved through exchange or sharing of information over clip within a closed system. Common apprehension is assumed to be favourable in any relationships including intercultural relationship for that affair. Identity direction theory, on the other manus, emphasizes intercultural capablenesss or competence of the participants to find the barriers towards effectual intercultural communicating and to be able to stamp down these barriers.Conceptual ModelBased on these theories, the research worker intends to incorporate and custom-make the theories into the scene of instruction as an establishment that fosters cultural diverseness. In the cultural divergency theory, the exchange of information can be observed within the closed system of the schoolroom through clip. We can presume that within the schoolroom puting wherein there is a high incidence of cultural diverseness, intercultural relationships and communicating exist. The individuality direction theory, on the other manus, can be translated to the intercultural communicating accomplishments of the students/participants so that they can cover with cultural diverseness in their schoolroom, and achieve common understanding- an drift for a harmonious acquisition environment.Operational Definition of FootingsIntercultural communication- a type of communicating happening between people with different civilizations. This communicating oftentimes makes participants dying and tense because they may happen it difficult to understand each other ‘s manner of thought ( Fielding, 2006 ) . Intercultural relationship- occurs when two persons with different civilization exchanged/ Shared thoughts with each other within a period of clip ( Samovar et al. , 2009 ) . Globalization- interrelation or interconnection of the states regardless of geographical barriers. Inclusion- technique used in the instruction as a response to cultural diverseness Cultural diversity- differences in civilization or the ways and agencies of life and thought. Common understanding- the convergence of the civilization based on the cultural convergence theory. This may besides be called cultural synergism. Intercultural communicating skills- accomplishments are indispensable towards effectual communicating. These accomplishments may be different from the usual interpersonal communicating that we usage with others within the same civilization. Based on assorted researches, Cultural convergence theory- predicts the convergence of two corporate cognitive provinces if the members of the two civilizations converge ( Gudykunst, 2005 ) . Identity direction theory- Interpersonal competency is one ‘s ability to negociate reciprocally the acceptable individualities of interaction ( Gudykunst, 2005 ) .RESEARCH DESIGN AND PROCEDURESThis subdivision inside informations the research program along with research methodological analysis, informations assemblage processs, and informations analysis techniques.Research DesignThis survey proposes to research with the usage of instance survey, the intercultural relationships and communicating in a schoolroom scene. This includes the intercultural communicating jobs, cultural barriers towards effectual intercultural communicating, and the intercultural communicating accomplishments of the selected pupils in Rodriguez High School in Fairfield, California. This school is noted to hold a really high pupil diverseness rate. This is an effort to turn to cultural diverseness in the schoolroom puting that may take to struggles, intimidation, cultural stereotyping and other signifiers of school force. Effective intercultural communicating, if decently inculcated among the pupils may decrease the happening of the mentioned jobs. This will be a qualitative history depicting the intercultural relationship and communicating in a high school schoolroom which Fosters high cultural diverseness. However, due to clip restraints, merely the discernible traits of the intercultural relationships may be observed profoundly. Demographical features of the participants may merely be used as back uping informations. With this, the tradition of Inquiry this research is intended to use is descriptive anthropology. One of the most normally used enquiries to measure intercultural communicating competency is ethnography ( Asante et al. , 2008 ) . In this survey, ethnography shall include description of the intercultural relationships and communicating, designation of job, barriers and their deductions, and the intercultural communicating accomplishments of the participants. Hence, the research worker should besides move as an active participant in the behavior of the research ( Scollon and Scollon, 2001 ) .Data Generation MethodThe trying method that will be used to choose the participants of this survey is purposive sampling. The research worker shall ask with the disposal of Rodriguez High School about which category has the highest incidence of cultural diverseness. However, the age degree of the pupils under this category should be identified to be mature plenty to understand the construct of cul tural diverseness and intercultural relationships and communicating, for that affair. However, the take parting category should be noted with a high incidence of cultural diverseness. Since the scene of the survey is a schoolroom scene, the participants for the survey will include all of the pupils and the home room instructor. In the instance that the category is excessively large for a focussed group treatment, random sampling will be applied and merely statistically important figure of participants will be included. Focused group treatment will be informations garnering method for the students/participants. The subject shall be cultural diverseness in a schoolroom scene. The flow of the treatment should be deductive in nature. First, the perceptual experiences of the pupils about cultural diverseness will be identified. Later on, intercultural communicating will be the chief focal point of the treatment. Again, the construct should be identified in a general point of position and can later on be applied to their ain schoolroom scene. This will come up their intercultural communicating accomplishments, and the bing intercultural communicating relationships among the students/participants. The research worker should be an perceiver and participant. The locust of control should be centered on the research worker to restrict the range of the treatment within the range of the survey merely. The home room instructor can besides move as the 3rd person/observer in the instance survey. For the in deepness interview, the home room instructor will be the participant. He/she will be the cardinal source sing the jobs, barriers, and intercultural communicating scheme within the schoolroom scene. The interview may besides be used to corroborate information gathered from the focal point group treatment with the pupils. Extra activity such as squad edifice may besides conducted with the instructor so as to detect the efficaciousness of the intercultural communicating scheme that will be recommend. The instruments that will be used for this survey include: self-administered questionnaire for the demographic features of the students/participants ; observation usher and if possible, audio or video recording equipment for more accurate certification of the focus-group treatment ; and interview agenda for the in deepness interview with the home room instructor. Extra stuffs may besides be needed to document the squad edifice activity with the instructor and the pupils. The information analysis and presentation for the demographical features of the participants will be frequency counts and per centums. This will be used to depict the heterogeneousness of the participants. On the focal point group treatment, informations analysis and presentation will be complete numbering of the intercultural relationships bing and intercultural communicating accomplishments that students/participants possess. Video clips or images may besides be shown. Last, for the in deepness interview qualitative analysis and complete numbering of the jobs and cultural barriers that he/she will place. For the squad edifice activity, narrative presentation, images, and video cartridge holders may be used to show and stress the observations. All information generated from these activities should be summarized and carefully analyzed to come up with an extended and comprehensive descriptive anthropology study.

Tax on Fatty Foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tax on Fatty Foods - Essay Example In October 2011, the Prime Minister of England revealed that his government was looking at introducing fat tax to tame the high incidences of obesity (Guardian, 2011). Cameron pointed out that he had fears over high costs and reduced life expectancy of the current generation. In the light of alarming numbers of diabetes in America, Cameron warned the country that it should consider the negative impacts of diabetes menace (Guardian, 2011). Hungary also passed fat tax in July 2011. This new tax in Hungary stipulated that the citizens of Hungary spend 0.05 US dollars on fatty foods. This is a move to cut the expenses of health care in Hungary (Buczynski, 2011). The report by European Public Health Alliance of 2011 (EPHA) revealed that in every two people one of them is overweight. The report also showed that out of four people, one had obesity. Further, the report pointed out that chronic non-communicable disease such as diabetes type 2, cardiovascular disease, and cancers are associabl e with fatty foods. These diseases contribute to about 86% of all deaths in the European Region of the World Health Organization (EPHA, 2011:3). These diseases have attracted the attention of major organizations such World Health Organization and UNICEF. In December 2003, the World Health Organization suggested that nations should consider taxing food high in fat, sugar, and salt. This is to encourage people to make healthier food choices. The WHO report revealed that several countries use fiscal measures to promote availability of and access to certain foods. Other countries use taxes to decrease or increase consumption of foods. Others utilise subsidies and public funds to promote access among poor communities to sporting and recreational activities (White, 2006:6). Food taxation capitalises on the fact that people do not buy the most costly foods. This alludes that price intervention can produce meaningful changes in the patterns of food consumption and a reduction in diet-relate d diseases. In the light of this, England has proposed to introduce tax on fatty foods. This paper will discuss the arguments for and against new tax on fatty foods. The paper first addresses the arguments that support tax on food and later it will tackle the arguments against this proposal. The proposal for taxation on fatty foods is well founded. The goal of these taxes is to influence behaviour of people to meet public health goals of in England. Through this taxation, England seeks to improve the health of its citizens. There is scientific connection that fatty foods contribute to development of non-communicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes 2, obesity, and coronary diseases. The rate of these diseases increases with consumption of fatty foods. WHO reports that overweight and obesity contribute to over 2.5 million deaths each year. The report predicts that this trend will double in the year 2020 (White, 2006:6). The same report indicates that deaths from non-communicable dis eases occur in both developing and developed countries. It is, therefore, prudent for the government of England to propose to introduce taxation on fatty foods. This will prevent a large population from consuming these foods because the prices will be very high. It is evident that the fatty foods are generally cheap as compared to the natural foods. The low of these foods has made a large population in England to afford these foods on daily basis. Over-consumption of these foods results in development of health complication, which is

Personal Development Planning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Personal Development Planning - Coursework Example The paper will discuss the benefits of studying PDP at a higher education level. It will also highlight on the changes the changes that I would like to bring into PDP for the future students’ justifying the change with a rationale behind it. Lastly, the paper will provide a reflection on how PDP has helped me at the university. PDP in higher education usually comprise of portfolio that contains evidence if the skills that have been acquired over a specific time period. Studying PDP at the university is very crucial since it assists in creating self-directed independent learners who have a higher probability of progressing to higher levels of academic achievement (Rughani, 2001). As cited by Grellier and Goerke (2006), the other benefit is that students can take responsibility for and personalise their learning. Essentially, personal development is a process and not a final product. Therefore, it can be utilised to support the personalisation of learning by facilitating pathways selection that suit individual learner. Through the utilisation of tools like auditing of personal transferable skills that are often used in the personal development frameworks linked with employability, the students can actually make links between their extra-curricular and curricular activities and what the employers value. These particular activities are advantageous in the context of work placements, work-based learning, or internships. Generally, students usually report in questionnaires and focus groups that CV development is something that they find very beneficial. PDP assists the university students to be effective in reviewing and monitoring their own progress and make use of their own evidence and records to show to others what they know they can actually do (Fry, Ketteridge, & Marshall, 2008). According to Fry, Ketteridge and Marshall (2008, p. 120), PDP promotes deeper learning through increasing awareness of the students are actually learning and to

Company Performance Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Company Performance Critical Analysis - Essay Example The company focuses on developing sustainable energy future for the consumers, community and investors by exploring the suite of reduced emission and renewable energy creation opportunities (AGL Energy Limited, 2014). This document gives a two-year analysis of the financial report for AGL Company for the year ended 30th June 2013 and 2014 in order to examine the company’s performance for the period. The financial report of the company provides the shareholders and other stakeholders with information on social, environmental, governance, risk issues affecting the company as well as the financial performance during the respective years. AGL is the consolidated entity with four reportable functional sections, and the results of each section are reported according to the reporting structure of the internal management during the reporting period (AGL, 2014). The four operational sections include Merchant energy, retail energy, upstream gas and energy investments. Merchant Energy develops, operates and sustains assets for power generation. Also, they manage risks related to obtaining and distributing natural gas and electricity to its retail and wholesale clients. Merchant Energy distributes natural gas and electricity to consumers and offers energy efficiency and carbon management services (AGL, 2014). Retail Energy segment sells natural gas, electricity and products and services associated with energy to residents and small scale business clients. Upstream Gas section deals with the exploration of gas, development and production of tenements and facilities for storing gasses (AGL, 2014). Energy Investments consist of Diamantina Holding Company Pty Limited and equity accounted investments in the ActewAGL Retail Partnership. It owns the Loy Yang power station and the nearby coal mine that is currently reported in the Merchant Energy operating segment (AGL Energy Limited, 2014). In the year ended June 30th, 2011 AGL company

Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors - Term Paper Example The metals used are mainly gold and silver. When the surface plasmons collide with light energy, a kind of resonance occurs named; surface Plasmon polarization. The resonance continues oscillating along the surface of the metal decaying gradually through loss of energy to the absorption into the metal and radiation to the media interface i.e. air or water or other surface (Bozhevolnyi, 2008). The resonance of the surface Plasmon is then used to monitor the reflected light energy from a prism coupler in relation to the angle of incidence. This method can be applied to solve real life problems like observation of nanometer variations in density, thickness and molecular adsorption. Devices are being innovated every day in application of this technique. The surface Plasmon resonance sensors (SPRS) help detect chemicals, molecules, tissues like proteins, metals among other materials. This technology has been commercialized hence it is used in a very wide number of fields i.e. mass destruc tion weapons, medicine, security protocols, pharmacy, production plants, service delivery like water for residential use, optic communications and so on (Thirstrup, 2004). New and Useful Applications of Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors The applications could be classified into four distinct groups: 1. Optical sensors 2. Biosensors 3. Chemical sensor Optical Sensors The most influential application of this technology was in the fiber optic. In this type of sensors, data is converted into light energy and interfaced with a dielectric metal. The high refractive index of the metal allows for total internal refraction thus the light energy is infinitely refracted along the cable with minimum loss of energy. This excites the surface Plasmons thus creating a surface resonance wave. The fiber optic cable is designed with a core metal in the centre, a bimetallic surround to the inner metal, a protective layer of metal preventing the effect of external waves to the wave in transit and insula tors all around each layer. When a light is beamed on a prism at an angle greater than the critical angle of the media, total internal reflection occurs. The wave formed in the media could be manipulated through the use of a material with a higher di-electric constant. This could be regulated to match the surface Plasmon resonance. It in turn creates a wave that travels along the surface of the metal at very high speeds. The energy formed through conversion of light energy to electronic energy can be controlled to achieve optimum sensor values i.e. increasing the two main parameters: sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio. The sensor can be improved by using a dielectric media with a high refractive index. However, the materials used are limited to costs thus a balance needs to be maintained between the two (Wang, 2002). Figure 1: prism experiment of the surface Plasmon wave Biosensors These are devices used to analyze the detection of analytes that combine physiochemical detector co mponent with biological components e.g. tissues, molecules, fluids and so on. This technology takes advantage of the application of surface Plasmon resonance sensors at the molecular level. This is technically used to identify various types of molecules based on the level of excitement induced by a photon of light incident on the molecules of the object in test. The biosensors are used to perform rather difficult tests i.e. testing the Ph of the brain, the Ph of the eye, the Ph under the skin and so on. The

Environmental Policy and Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Policy and Law - Essay Example (House of Lords, 2000) The scenario in the house where the Oakleys were tenants was such: the bathroom next to kitchen was devoid of a washbasin, therefore forcing the inmates to wash their hands in the kitchen sink. Contamination of food and foul smell were one of the few complaints that arose from this state of affairs. Taking place over a period of five days, the case closed on the decision that the appeal would be allowed. According to the case, there was a grave health hazard in the state of the premises. It was left upto the Justices to determine whether the risk was sufficient to constitute a statutory nuisance. The case went onto explore the legislative history of statutory nuisance, from the time of its mid-Victorian roots, and concluded that "prejudicial to health" should be interpreted in line with its "sanitary" origins; and that section 79(1)(a) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 is directed to the presence of some feature of premises which is in itself prejudicial to health, by way of being the source of possible infection, illness or disease. (Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, 2000) This brings us to the issue of the origin of nuisance at Common Law. A conclusion to the contrary, i.e.

Lighting Schematics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lighting Schematics - Essay Example Camera cutting from a shaky shot to a steady shot was also another cinematography challenge in the Hunger Games. This error was evidenced by the conversation between two characters in which the camera angle of one character was handheld while on the other one it was completely steady. This link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juVckCCMEQQ provides a steady positioning of the camera, and this http://cineblur.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Train-scene-short-loop1.gif provides both steady and shaky position of the camera. The choice of dark setting is one of the production designs that were well utilized in the Hunger Games. In the image below, Katniss portrays a dark face when she walks. The face later appears to be light as she walks towards the light. This lighting design gives Katniss two personalities; an evil side and a nice side. The use of spotlights above Katniss in some parts of the scenes makes it appear interrogative. It appears as if Katniss is in a police station. The lighting of the districts was also dim compared to the bright lighting in the capital city. The variation in lighting enabled the director to sharply contrast between the successive capital city and the poor districts. The shots used in the movie also inform the viewers of certain things. For instance, the focusing of the camera up when the citizens of District Ten are listening to the organizer of the game shows that the people of District are looked down upon by this person. This is further evidenced by the angle of the camera moving down when the organizer of the game picks the tribunes. The choice of color and costume is also one of the production designs that present itself very well in the Hunger Games. For instance, the usual matching of Katniss and Peeta’s uniform shows that the two have something in common or the two obliged to follow specific rules. Katniss’ costume also makes her appear to have broad

How does 'Services Response Logistics' differ from 'Logistics Essay

How does 'Services Response Logistics' differ from 'Logistics - Essay Example Now I will explain the concern of the services response logistics. Main concern of the SRL is management of the service capacity. Service capacity is the number of consumers for each day the company’s service system is intended to hand out (Hertz et al, 2003). When demand goes above to the capacity, company has to turn away consumers or employ personnel all these steps are taken to increase capacity of company.Managing service capacity comprises the capacity utilization.   Capacity utilization used to level demand strategy, because the capacity turns out to be steady in spite of demand. When demand goes above than capacity, line up management strategy arrangement with surplus customers (Rogers et al, 1999).In the situation when demand is higher than capacity, at this time capacity management used for (Bowersox, 2005):   Ã‚  Ã‚   Hiring part-Time Employees  Ã‚  Ã‚   Utilizing consumers- those are hidden employees  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Making use of innovative technology  Ã‚     Ã‚   Cross-Training & giving out employees  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Utilizing employee setting up strategies  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Utilizing demand management actionsIn the situation when available service capacity exceeds demand, Capacity Management is used for exercising demand management practices and discovering other uses for service capacity. Logistics is only concerned to the forward and backward running and storage of supplies, services and associated information (Hertz et al, 2003). But SRL is used for the management of distribution channels engage customary methods and latest channels that slot in fresh internet technologies.

Communication Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Communication Management - Essay Example This document particularly relate to the development of Communication Management Strategy for Digital Training Program at Wal-mart Corporation. Wal-mart has always given importance to the employee training and development programs as it has been an integral part of its employees’ career path (Working At Walmart: Training and Development, 2013). However, due to the advancing technology and increasing size of Wal-mart’s business the corporation now requires establishing a digital learning and training program in order to better improve its customer services and overall employee relationships. Following are the most significant objectives of Communication Management Strategy for Wal-mart’s Digital Training Program (Corporate Communications Policy, 2012). The scope of this document is actually restricted to different aspects of Wal-mart’s Digital Training Program which basically includes its unique business approach. This is further related with the organization’s ongoing communication procedures with all the stakeholders. This document will be helpful in evaluating the progress and effectiveness of the entire project while making a strict stakeholder analysis and the impacts of digital training project on the organization’s global image. Additionally, the communication management strategy aims to combine the organizational mission to its capabilities and resources (Tripathi, 2009). Formal business communication is based upon a comprehensive process which primarily emphasizes over message i.e. the actual content which has to be delivered. It can be either in verbal words or symbols (Means, 2009). For instance, in case of Wal-mart’s Digital Training Program the stakeholders would have to be informed about the training needs of employees, their skills, competencies etc. At a later stage the message might also be directed towards employees in order to gain their content regarding training strategies.

Ginsbergs friends Essay Example for Free

Ginsbergs friends Essay Howl is a dive into the other America, the city of night, the city of outcasts, beatniks and all those branded mad by regular society. The poem is for Carl Solomon, one of Ginsbergs friends, who was assigned to mental asylum Rockland where youre madder than I am, as Ginsberg states in the first line of the third stanza. But all the way through he is with him, declaring himself one with Solomon and as such with everyone who is considered an outcast, anyone who dares to go against the flow and herd-like mentality of his time. Howl is a comment on the stifling conformity of America of that time, being the Eisenhower era. The poem crosses many barriers. References to drugs abound, and Ginsberg himself has declared many times how he wrote the poem under the influence of peyote in an attempt to broaden the workings of the mind. The first stanza is a 78-line volcanic outburst of spontaneity in which Ginsberg presents through a stream of consciousness-technique image after image of the rejects of modern society, who ate fire in paint hotels or drank turpentine in Paradise Alley, death, or purgatoried their torsos night after night with dreams, with drugs, with waking nightmares, alcohol and cock and endless balls (Howl, line 10, 11). Grammatical rules are challenged in Howl. The only way to present the truth is to allow this long stream of thoughts to be poured out uninterrupted, spontaneous and dense, leaving the reader time to reflect upon what has been said, as the next image is already being presented, and after that another one and so on. The words follow the pattern of natural breathing and after the necessary pause for air, a new image follows before the reader can reflect upon the next image. The poem has to be read from beginning to end, as it is an indivisible unity. The city that had an overall positive portrayal in Leaves of Grass has become a bleak world where artificial light and colors dominate the landscape. Whitmans seas of bright juice have been exchanged for neon lights’. The excitement for the dawn of the age of democracy has waned, as each individual became a replica of another, mimicking the patterns and behavior of each other creating a monotonous existence with no room for all those who are different, who want to be different, and who aspire to do something different. In a world where being different is frowned upon, there is little hope for individuality and freedom, and Ginsberg created a world for all whose existence is being denied by society in his poetry. The way to achieve this is through an unrestricted outpouring of truth. To do this, the poet has to expand his boundaries, and Ginsberg did this literally. Ginsberg went on the road to further explore the world around him. Only then can he look for eternity: who drove cross-country seventy-two hours to find out if I had a vision or you had a vision or he had a vision to find out Eternity (Howl, line 60). We find the same quest for eternity in line 54, where it is linked to the wish to cross the boundaries of time: who threw their watches off the roof to cast their ballot for Eternity outside of Time, alarm clocks fell on their heads every day for the next decade. In the second stanza, Ginsberg evokes the Moloch line after line, like a chant or hymn. The Moloch is clearly a reference to modern society. Once more we discover how the city, still full of hope in Whitmans world, has left modern man destitute: What sphinx of cement and aluminum bashed open their skulls and ate up their brains and imagination? (79). In the modern world, there is no place for outcasts, run as it is by money: Moloch whose buildings are judgment! Moloch whose blood is running money! Whereas Whitman was positive about the city extending its boundaries upwards, in Ginsbergs world this has become a burden: They broke their backs lifting Moloch to Heaven!

Explicit Sexualization Of Both Men And Women Media Essay

Explicit Sexualization Of Both Men And Women Media Essay It is quite evident that gender, sexuality and advertising are all directly linked with one another.7 Marketing minds have finally realized that sex sells. Advertisements in mainstream magazines have increasingly relied on explicit sexualization of both men and women to sell products. Ads sell a great deal more than products.    They sell values, images, and concepts of success of worth, love and sexuality, popularity, and normalcy.    They tell us who we are and who we should be.    Sometimes they sell addictionsThey provide impossible body images for women to strive towards, and sadly, many women do The female body is repeatedly objectified in advertising, and whenever a human is turned into a thing, violence is going to follow.    Rapes and beatings often result from the dehumanization of women Slide 2 In this advertisement for Calvin Klein Jeans, the female model is depicted lying on vacant beach. This type of advertisement creates many troubled stereotypes and ideologies for our modern day society. This image can be critically evaluated using Goffmans (1979) model of gender advertising. Goffman claims that image advertisements often place women in subordinate positions.   He also discusses a set of codes called, ritualization of subordination.   This concept addresses the physical position of a woman in an advertisement. Women are often seen on their side or lying on their back.   What is Calvin Klein selling in this advertisement? This is a clavin klein jeans addà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It conveys a lot of message to the consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The woman is lying on her back. All you need is the touch that transforms the gender oppressive product into a gender celebratory productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ You can see the main focus in this add is Brad Pitt and not the watchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ As he is wearing the watch his fans would think that he wears such kind of watches which is not true because he is just advertising for it and this causes people to buy this watch. Its like cheating on the people and the fans and misleading the consumers. Play station 2 What better way to sell one of the hottest video game machines around than sex?http://www.americaninventorspot.com/files/images/Play_Station_Two_Sexy_Woman.jpg There is no image of PS2 ( the good which they are trying to sell ). The female in the picture is source of attraction to the consumer to buy this product. The product is a gaming console mainly for the young people who can easily be distracted through such ads. Slide 3 Figures 1 and 2 use the same approach of photographic imagery of the sea and shore, the colours blue and white associate with water hence the fragrance name Cool Water and the text for the advert. Figure 1 shows an attractive, confident female model passive on the shore resting her head on a rock and gazing at the reader. Figure 2 shows a muscular male model in water, who is active (splashing water) and seems he has just jumped out of the water. Although the adverts appear to be similar on the surface, the adverts have been gendered to send a clear message to the desired reader. The message from Cool Water for Women clearly states that as a woman, this product will make you look and feel fresh, cool, relaxed and confident, so confident that you do not need to wear anything else but the fragrance. This plays on the ideology that most women do not have the self confidence to show their body but using this product will restore that confidence. The Cool Water for Men implies that not only will the product make you as a man, feel cool and fresh, but it will give you full of energy so that you ready for any action. This aggressive targeting has mainly had an impact on women more than men as they have become extremely self conscious, and research proves that women spend more money on looking good than men. Billions of Pounds are circulated each year in the beauty industry alone. Men dream of being James Bond or aspire to his charisma, and those who see him as a role model will copy his image. Advertisers have emphasised that Omega is James Bonds choice of wrist watch brand, and the advert states that Omega is the sign of excellence; connotating that James Bond only wears the best and so should you. It plays on mens desire of becoming a hero as we see a scene from a Bond film in the background explosion in the air. The message is very clear; men who wear the watch can relate to James Bond, become suave, sophisticated, and successful. In contrast, figure 4 demonstrates that women are more laid back, and prefer indoor events. The indoor dà ©cor in the background resembles a sophisticated, upper class restaurant. The advert emphasises that this gold, slim Omega watch, is Cindy Crawfords choice. She is wearing a red dress associated with the lady in red (attractive). Her watch is worn as part of her outfit, almost as if it is gold jewellery. The message conveyed here is as if Cindy is speaking out to the reader saying, look at what Im wearing. She appears to be wealthy and attractive and is urging women that it is a must have piece of jewellery that will make you look like a million dollars. It is clear from the above examples that men and women are targeted according to their social beliefs and attitudes towards their self perception brought on by advertisers and society, enforcing them to adopt certain buying behaviours to influence purchasing decisions. These certain methods have had negative impact on women than men as we are aware that women appear more emotional and unconfident in contrast to men. Women are increasingly concerned with their physical appearance due to the pressure of looking good by society. Klein is not alone in his use of controversial images in advertising. After all, the whole point of advertising has always been to attract attention, and fashion advertising is notorious for its exploitative use of young men and women. But one senses that there is a new conservatism among consumers, who are fed up with X-rated images hawking everything from beer to video games. In continuing to push the envelope, designers like Klein may find that they have pushed the patience of their consumers too far. A possible backlash to this campaign occurred in 1999, when Klein launched an ad campaign for his childrens underwear line. The campaign involved three different photos, two depicting two little boys playing on a sofa and clad only in CK underpants and the third depicting two little girls playing on a sofa and clad only in CK undergarments. These images appeared as full page ads in the New York Post and prominent magazines, and as a huge billboard in Manhattans Times Square. Due to public furore, these ads were pulled 24 hours later. A Calvin Klein spokesperson claimed that these ads were intended to capture the same warmth and spontaneity that you find in a family snapshot. The general public disagreed, with numerous experts citing that these ads were pornographic because they featured high definition, sexualized images of young children. In many cases, those who were against the ads cited Kleins previous track record as sufficient proof that these images were exploitative. Chocolate man ad too sexy for Indian audience A deodorant advert that showed an apparently irresistible chocolate man being gnawed on by scantily clad women has been banned in India. An advertising executive in the country explains why it was so offensive. The Indian blogosphere is having a tantrum over the decision to withdraw a commercial for Axe Dark Temptation deodorants for men, which are flavoured with a hint of chocolate. Created by Argentinean advertisers and aired on Indian television, the ad shows crowds of attractive young women nibbling and licking at a young man wearing the deodorant. Although parts of the clip had already been censored to appease the regional audience, the Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) received so many complaints about the ad that they decided to remove it. It follows a collection of commercials flaunting, amongst other things, sexy underwear and flavoured condoms, which have been taken off air or censored for being indecent, vulgar and repulsive. Slide 4 This slide includes the knowledge issue. Through these real life examples we came up with knowledge issue which says To what extent is the use of sexuality in advertisements ethical? There are different opinions of people and different ways of knowing. Reason Emotion Perception Language Reason Money Better profits and sales Brand name To attract consumers More knowledge issues What responsibility, if any, does a company have for honestly educating the consumer about its product? Should advertisers be allowed to suggest that a product will make a person more sexy/interesting/beautiful/successful/etc? Is it ethical to use celebrities to sell products they probably dont even use themselves? Is it the buyers responsibility to be aware of these strategies and not allow them to manipulate their emotions? Language Communicating a message Cause Influence purchasing behavior thought patterns Effect Persuasive Informative Enabler Language is the key criteria for effectiveness of these three aspects. Message must be communicated in a language which is comfortable to the audience and influence them in a positive manner. At the same time it will be more effective if the communication is persuasive and informative. Language to be used in an advertisement should be determined based on the product and the user group  for the product. For instance, advertisement for a luxury good should be publicized in English whereas same for a necessity is preferred to be done in local language for greater communicability and mass reach. Two Indian Americans, Aradhna Krishna and Rohini Ahluwalia of University of Michigan and Minnesota, respectively, examined the role of language in advertising in India. Their results indicate that multinationals marketing products, among bilingual populations, should pay special attention to language. They determined how the language hits viewers mind in relation to a product category. This happens as different products have different user groups. They found that participants perceptions of advertisements changes significantly when different languages are used.   While Hindi is associated with belongingness (close, personal, friendly, family), English is associated with sophistication (global, cosmopolitan, urban, upper class), they wrote. They found that whereas detergents can be advertised effectively in Hindi, English is preferred for Luxury items like chocolates. Airtel, Coca Cola, Fevicol are some of the brands which advertise in local language in two and three tier cities. But as far as Cadbury is concerned, they prefer Hindi or mixed language. The researchers also found that people responds favorably to mixed-language advertising. A classic example for mixed-language advertisement can be that of Frooti the first tetra pack fruit juice of India by Parle Agro Foods. They use the jingle Mango frooti, fresh-n-juicy with their Hindi advertisement effectively. Whereas use of Bengali language by all major advertisers for their products during Durga Pooja in Kolkata (rather whole Bengal) can be an example for use of local language to influence masses. History of Women in Television Advertisements (AOK) There are many different stereotypes of women in advertising. Throughout history there have been many studies that proved women were mainly portrayed on television advertisements as housewives or occupations that are subservient to men. Studies also show the disproportional ratio of women to men in TV advertisements. In the 70s, it was reported that women were found on camera only 21 % of the time. Allan and Coltrane conducted a study that showed inversely, in the 80s female appearance on TV advertisement were 5.8% less compared to the 50s! (Pierce, 1999) In 1996, the Kaiser Family Foundation and Children Now calculated that women were on camera 42 percent of the time. Though this was an increase percentage wise from previous decades, gender inequalities still are rampant. This fact is proved a study conducted by Professors Daniel J. Bretl and Joanne Cantor of the University of Wisconsin (1995) which found that 90% of voice-overs used in advertisements were male, despite some of the products were aimed predominantly to females. Effects of Advertising on Women Advertising has many effects on society as a whole. As a result of not being in as many commercials, at very young ages boys and girls conclude that girls are valued less than boys. The commercials that females are mostly in are ones that portray them as them and thin and beautiful while some how also being subservient to men. The negative effects of advertising on women fall into a huge range of problems. The most common would affect be the constant increase of womens struggles with dieting and eating disorders. As, Wilson and Blackhurst point out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦fifty-six percent of all women are on diets (Pipher, 1995) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and eighty percent of girls have dieted by the time they reach eighteen (Brown, 1993). Unfortunately as girls were raised, they were always taught to be submissive and dainty. It almost seemed like they are told their opinions dont matter and that they should just sit there look pretty or be fragile like glass dolls. Many ads use this to their advanta ge. They make girls think that the only thing they should do is work on their appearance, because their opinions dont matter. This results in several girls falling into depression or developing eating disorders. The inner struggles of keeping the pain in cause some girls to want to commit suicide before wanting to be fat. A Charlotte, N.C. real estate firm says business is booming, thanks to their sexy new marketing plan that involves hiring models to pose in listings photos of luxury homes. During the boom years of 2006 and 2007, Peters and Associates Real Estate was the No.1 seller of high-end homes in the Charlotte region. Then the market crashed and real estate sales dried up for most of 2008 and 2009. Peters and Associates owners Nick and Miriam Peters then decided to spice up their marketing and have been having tremendous success ever since. The couple creates an image by spending thousands of dollars on clothing and cars; and they photograph their listings with sexy, attractive people. Peters caters to high-profile and high-net-worth individuals, such as professional athletes, coaches, entertainers, executives and other VIPs. These clients are looking for a lifestyle and amenities much different from the average homebuyer. The buying experience for Peters clients begins with being picked up at the airport in an exotic car and then whisked to a luxurious spa for a relaxing day of pampering, or to a private club for a round of golf. Once they are totally refreshed, they are ready to tour homes. How effective is the campaign? Peters did a controlled online test, with one listing showing the typical real estate pictures. Visitors to that listing stayed an average of 40 to 60 seconds. Visitors to the listing with lifestyle photos stayed an average of 4 to 6 minutes. Statistics suggest that the more time a potential buyer spends looking at a listing, the more likely they are to request a showing. Peters listings used to get three to four clicks a week, and now they get 10 to 20 a day.

Cable Tvs Impact In Their Academic Performance Media Essay

Cable Tvs Impact In Their Academic Performance Media Essay Abstract World has become global village due to rapid development in media, especially in electronic media. Cable TV plays pivotal role in giving educational facilities and spreading information in our society. It has both positive and negative impact on students performance. The main objective of the present study will be to study the perception of the students regarding impact of cable TV in their extracurricular activities. The universe of the present study will be city D.G Khan. Multistage sampling technique will be used for the selection of 120 respondents. There are five sub campuses of universities working in D G Khan. At the first stage, two out of five will be selected through simple random sampling technique. At the second stage 60 students will be selected randomly from each sub campus. The selected students will be interviewed by the well structured questionnaire and the data will be analyzed through appropriate statistical technique. The obtained results would be utilized for the recommendation that will increase the credibility of students. Television is result of technical development of early twenty century. Today, Cable TV has reached in almost every house. International TV channels are available 24 hours which is affecting the attitude and the life style of majority of the people, especially children. The impact of cable TV on students and children is both negative and positive. It depends on the selection of channel and the time spends for watching Cable TV. Cable TV plays role in giving education, entertainment and awareness, students and children are more concerned with the entertainment. Thats why they think that cable TV is an effective medium of entertainment. It gives cultural awareness, leadership ability, and communication skills, but students are used to spending time on watching entertainment programmes instead of watching educational channel when they want to escape from studies (Henning, 2006). In todays life cable TV has gained lot of importance. It is serving as a main source of entertainment. People not only watching it in spare time instead they save time from their busy life for it. Beside it, Cable TV has an impact in the development of the psychological feature of personalities. The programmes of foreign countries on cable TV depict their own way of life and culture through the transmission of programmes on cable TV. Culture of different societies is being diffused within the societies (Nisar, 2002). Electronic media has power to influence human mind, especially it effects the mind of children because foreign channels depict their own cultures, on the protest of providing entertainment, seek to confuse, subvert and change the social values of the younger generations in foreign lands (Sheher, 2003). Cable TV is working as a source of spreading information, education and entertainment. Our social, political and economically issues are also highlighted and people are motivated to actively participate in solving the social problems effectively (Nisar, 2002). Importance of the Study Dera Ghazi khan is much developing and remote in physical infrastructure but educationally it attained a better position especially its Tehsil Taunsa, has a prominent literacy ratio in the district as well as in the province. Presently attraction for Cable T.V is increasing day by day and many networks are working efficiently to defuse knowledge, skill, culture of different nations and countries in all parts of our country and Dera Ghazi Khan is also include in this walk. It has both positive and negative impact especially on students. Thus the present study has been design to investigate the following objectives. Objectives: To study the perceptions of the students regarding impact of cable TV on their curricular and extracurricular activities. To determine the relationship between study hours of students and time watching cable TV. To lay down appropriate policy measure that will increase the creditability of cable for students. v) Review of Literature: Shariffadin (1995) focused at social, cultural and economic issues faced by developing countries due to the new technology. He found that new communication era should not be perceived as purely technological phenomenon. It brings change in the cultural and social pattern of the society. Kunkel et al (1999) observed that television/ cable plays an essential role about the sexual behavior of the children and adults, and it is necessary to study the sexual practices/ trends which are shown on the television. They showed the sufficient trends of sexual behavior on the television. On the television screen discussions about sex and sexual behavior were continuous/ frequent. Most sexual practices are precursory in their sense like physically touching and kissing, and intercourse is also depicted ambiguously, one of the eight programmes of television. And the studies showed that television do not fulfill its responsibilities regarding social behavior. Fatima (2000) studied the impact of cable t v on peoples thinking. She concluded that our tradition is changing due to different foreign channels on the cable t v. So if we want to save our value and norms positive trends need to be introduced instead of glamorization, portrayal of crime and commercialization. Chaudhary (2001) concluded that cable TV has taken children in its grip. It is a source of bringing change in the childrens thinking. Children dont have ability to evaluate the messages from different cable TV programmes. So, they mostly spend their time on watching programmes like Zee Cinema, Star Plus, Star Movies and other entertainment channels. Parents are worried because of this habit of their children. They worried that their children will become completely obsessed with watching TV instead of playing and spend time in studies. Anjum Zia (2003) conducted a study to know the effect of cable T V programs on students. He found that youth is very vulnerable to change of attitudes through media programmes. From 300 respondents the results showed that young people only acquire entertainment from cable t v and majority of the college and university students had their own access to the cable t v and they spend 3-4 hours daily on watching cable t v. international information, programmes of general information, religious programmes, News and current affairs did not receive enough response rate. Fatima (2003) stated that the craze for cable TV is continuously increasing. She termed the Indian media as a powerful and destructive weapon. And by this India is trying its best to take away Pakistanis from the DAU QUAMI NAZREA (the Ideology of Hindustani and Pakistani) we all still remember the words of Sonia Gandhi. Now Pakistan has become a source of earning for India and India is trying to fulfill its political purposes, using the name of culture. Sheher (2003) stated that youth is a backbone of the country, and media was considered a source to develope their Psyche. So cable TV was a powerful source to contract with youth. The information which was downloaded by Internet was the Socio-Culture Impact of Cable TV on youth generation. Gender was considered as the construction and sex was considered Biological accident. The construction is done by planning, while the accidents happen. A large part of Pakistan youth was consumer of the Television programs. Youth was considered a profitable source for the private sector. It was very challenging then. Hussain (2004) said that children get certain facts of life mysteries contradiction tragedies and violence those were considered suitable for those to know. He continued that TV programmes and films had mostly violence and tragedy scenes, and in almost every home watched and generate social problems for people have no exception to children. In his opinion parents should check their children by watch TV with them on the timing and program watching should be for short time. He stated that and stressed that TV sets should be removed from bedrooms, monitoring on the websites they visits. Set the time period of such act ivies and find alternate activities for their children which would be very beneficial in the reduction of such negativity on the personality of children. He exclaimed that Television should be used as a baby sitter. Ansari (2005) stated that satellite channels are indispensably changing the perception of our productive youth. Apart for socio-political influence the programmes offered at different TV channels are by threat to our cultural survival. Laying the examples he further argued that Indian programmes are rigorously destroying the roots of our culture. There synthetic societies presented on the TV did not allow prevail anywhere. The luxuries and glamorous way of living presented on TV create material thrust among the young boys girls that inspire them to illegal ways of collecting the money. Shejawal and Purayidathil (2006) described that the affect of watching cable TV on academic achievement and mathematical reasoning was observed in a group of higher secondary students continuing 654 students (368 boys, 286 girls) from Maharashtra, India in both sexes, watching Cable TV with academic achievement had negative correlation while watching cable TV mathematical reasoning were only among boys negatively correlated. Poor were heavy viewers in comparison with light viewers in their academic achievement and mathematical reasoning. Significant gender difference was observed in both academic achievement and mathematical reasoning. TV watching explained 13% of variance in the academic achievement of the students. Li et al (2007) calculated the number of urban school aged TV viewing children and to observe their influence with sleep/wake patterns, sleeping time period and sleeplessness. It was concluded that in Chinese school-aged childrens bedroom had 18.5% and 18.3% cable or computer respectively. Presence of media and use of media in the bedroom were positively correlated with later sleeping and awakening times. It was found that watching cable TV is associated with sleep disturbance. Some affected sleep behaviors were bed time and awakening time on the weekends, then will check the sleeping time duration during the week days. And the sleep time disorders of bed time resistance and sleep wordiness/depletion. The presence of media in the childs bed room and media use had negative effect on the children sleep time and the wakens patterns. There is duration of sleep disorders. Johnst (2008) stated that in current situation that society access to different kinds of information is broadening. Television had become a key source to valuable and one of them is for, important information. It was found that the TV had negative impact on the children especially youth. It was concluded that the most of the criminal activities were increasing due to cable TV programmes among the students. vi) Methodology/ Procedure: The main objective of methodology is to explain various tools and techniques apply for data collection, data analysis and interpretation of data related to research problem. According to Nachmias and Nachmias (1992) The Scientific methodology is a System of explicit rules and procedures upon which research is based and against which claims for knowledge are evaluated. The universe of the present study will be city D.G Khan. Multistage sampling technique will be used for the selection of 120 respondents. There are five sub campuses of universities working in D. G. Khan. At the first stage, two out of five will be selected through simple random sampling technique. At the second stage 60 students will be selected randomly from each sub campus. The selected students will be interviewed by the well structured questionnaire and the data will be analyzed through appropriate statistical technique. The obtained results would be utilized for the recommendation that will increase the credibilit y of students. vii) Literature Cited: Ansari, S. 2005. Star Plus Injecting poison in Pak Household. The Daily Newspaper The News, September 8, Pakistan Chaudhary, A. W. 2001. Newspaper article. An engine of Social change. The daily Nation: weekly edition: The Review on May 6, 2001 Fatima, N. 2000. Effects of Satellite Channels (ZEE TV) on Middle Class of Lahore. M.A. Thesis, University of Punjab, Lahore. Page 60 Fatima, H. 2003. Indian Films Must be Band. The daily newspaper Nawa-e-Waqt, July 07, Pakistan. Henning, T. 2002. NYC High School Students Get Pull to the Challenge. The Telecommunication Industurys AIDs Action Organization. New York. Hussain, A. 2004. Pakistan: Effects of media on mind discussed. Media News Daily Dawn Johnst, H. D. 2008. The impact of TV on todays youth. OPPAPERS.com. http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Impact-Tv-Todays-Youth/151232 Kunkel, K., M. Cope and E. Biely, 1999. Sexual messages on television: Comparing Findings from tthree stydies. Journal of Sex Research, Volume 36, Issue 3, Pages 230-236. department of Communication, Univ. of California Santa Barbara, United States. Li, S., X. Jin., S. Wu., F. Jiang., C. Yan and Shen, X. 2007. the impact of media use on Sleep, 1:30(3):361-7. Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China. Nachmias, C. F. and D. Nachmias. 1992. Research Methods in Social Science Published by Edwards Arnold. A division of Hadder and Stoughton. London. Nisar, A. M. 2002. Cable operators should promote our social value and cultures. The Daily newspaper The News Sep. 16 Shariffadin, T. M. A. 1995. New Communication Era: Economic, Social and Cultural Consequences for Development Nations. Media Asia: An Asian Mass Communication Quarterly, 20.pp 183-197. Sheher, B. 2003. Cable TV Scenario. Daily Newspaper The News Sep. 17 Shejawal, B. R. and J. Purayidathil. 2006. Television viewing of higher secondary students. Psychology and Developing Societies, 18(2): 201-213. Signatures: Student: Seema Munir __________________ Supervisory Committee: Miss Sumaira Bano (Chairperson) __________________ Mr. Muhammad Ali Tarar (Member) __________________ Mr. Muhammad Imran (Member) __________________ Forwarded: __________________ Head of Section Social Sciences and Rural Development College of Agriculture Dera Ghazi Khan Faculty Scrutiny committee: ______________ _______________ a) Dr. Shafqat Nawaz b) Dr. Muhammad Mudassar Maqbool ______________ ______________ c) Mr. Muhammad Shahid Nisar d) Dr. Fida Hussain Forwarded: _________________ Principal College of Agriculture Dera Ghazi Khan Sub-Campus University of Agriculture Faisalabad

Essay --

It has been said that pre-numerical counting systems pre-dated the written language. Business accounting is rooted in the organization of monetary claims throughout the history of the Western civilization, developing even before the ancient accountants could note the mathematical entries. Beginning in Mesopotamia around 3500 B.C, and developing throughout the 14th century in Europe, accounting has become one of the largest advancements in the Western world. This long standing form of collaborating financial data has evolutionalized the way we approach business in the 21st century. While today's accountants are involved in the analysis of financial data and the auditing of cash flow through a corporation, this hasn't always held true. The recording of financial transactions dates back to B.C with the use of clay tablets written by scribes, this process developed through the Eastern world gaining popularity through the Industrial Revolution when the accounting foundations were brought to the American land. As the career begins to take the driver's seat in the public sector, we must evaluate the evolution of the financial field while we continue to develop new ways to serve the money centered world we inhabit. Thousands of years before the emergence of organized accounting, the Mesopotamians were beginning to increase agriculture production, and as they did the civilization began to seek structure in the recording of transactions for extended credit terms on gold and silver. Those responsible for this organization and coding of trades and sales in the area were referred to as scribes. These scribes noted the transaction, usually on a clay pad, and ensured the agreement followed all rulings by Sumerian government. During a trade, b... ...e organization of the financial script throughout the history of the Western civilization. Beginning in Mesopotamia around 3500 B.C, and developing throughout the 14th century in Europe, accounting has become one of the largest advancements in the Western world. This long standing form of collaborating financial data has clearly evolutionalized the way we approach business in the 21st century. Computing for monetary record dates back to B.C with the use of clay tablets written by scribes, this process developed through the Eastern world gaining popularity through the Industrial Revolution when the accounting foundations were brought to the American land. We must always remember our roots in the West as we continue to develop new ways to serve the money centered world we inhabit, for as the famous proverb goes, â€Å"the past is simply a window to the future.†

Public versus Personal Reference in Notes of a Native Son :: James Baldwin

Stand Back Up (unsteadily: Tumbling revision) Throwing scalding hot water in someone’s face on a day to day basis will eventually cause a reaction. James Baldwin decided to throw back physically in his life, and with the manner in which he writes. As I'm sure you do not know, James Baldwin was an African-American writer. He is widely thought of as one of the greatest American writers of the twentieth century. He has composed a fascinating account of living as a black man in America, â€Å"Notes of a Native Son,† which was first published in 1955. This is not nearly as long ago as you may think and the issues he addresses are still prevalent today. Put yourself in a semi-uncomfortable position, uncover the past and realize this country isn't as full of equality as it likes to seem. As a nation far too many of us don't actively think about or bother to remember the social inequalities that this country had and certainly still has. To create a truly captivating experience Baldwin utilizes a sor t of public versus personal reference. James Baldwin is possibly one of the most inspiring and charismatic writers in our history. I absolutely can't understand how so many of you haven't even heard his name. Don't you think you should know something about someone who is widely renowned as being the greatest?! James Baldwin is a man who has lived with racial prejudice all his life. In this essay Baldwin focuses on his father and their relationship as well as personal and historic accounts. Early on his father was a keynote in helping him to notice the ways white people treat blacks. Of course he was eager to prove his father wrong, as youth are apt to do. Baldwin did resist these allegations for a while. It is hard to resist passioned hatred when it is surging all around you. Baldwin notices that his father's death has been marked by a terrible riot where the mob â€Å"began to swell and to spread in every direction, and Harlem exploded.

Coiled Tubing

E N H A N C I N G PRODUCTIVITY Coiled Tubing Solutions Solve Downhole Problems With Reliable, Cost-Effective Technology Baker Oil Tools Coiled Tubing Handbook The global oil and gas industry is using coiled tubing for an ever-increasing array of well intervention projects. Coiled tubing offers a number of operational and economic advantages, including: live well intervention, elimination of well kill and potentially damaging heavy-weight kill ? uids, reduced operational footprint, horizontal intervention, and the ability to intervene without a rig. These advantages have led to the development of truly ? -for-purpose coiled tubing systems from the industry’s largest provider of coiled tubing well intervention solutions – Baker Oil Tools. Baker Oil Tools offers its clients an unparalleled selection of coiled-tubing-conveyed intervention products, services and solutions with which to approach individual well requirements. This handbook was developed to help our clients det ermine which systems and services will best meet the needs of a particular application. For that reason, we have designed the handbook to highlight system capabilities within eight distinct intervention areas where coiled tubing can offer a highly effective and cost-ef? ient alternative. These eight categories are: Well Cleaning, Fishing and Milling, Zone Isolation, Stimulation and Fracturing, Sand Control Completions, Flow Management, Plug and Abandonment, and Sidetracking and Re-entry. Coiled Tubing Well Coiled Tubing Sections Well Cleaning Sandtrap System . . . . Debris Catching . . . . Underreaming . . . . . Impact Drilling . . . . . Mechanical Scale Removal . High-Pressure Jet Washing . Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 9 . 10 Well Cleaning Fishing and Milling Fishing and Milling Recovering Tools with Downhole Vibration Technology . . . . . Recovering Tools with Hydraulically Activated Fishing Tools . . . Recovering Coiled Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Removing and Recovering Obstructions . . . . . . . . . . Cutting Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METAL MUNCHER ® Milling Assembly with Magnetic Chip Catcher OPTICUTâ„ ¢ Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11 12 14 16 17 18 20 21 22 Zone Isolation Zone Isolation Through Tubing . . Retrievable Bridge Plug Retrievable Packer . Straddle Systems . . Monobore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 23 24 25 26 27 Stimulation and Fracturing Stimulation and Fracturi ng 29 Through Tubing ISAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Retrievable Bridge Plug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Sand Control Completions Vent Screen System . . . . Squeeze-Pack System . . . Wash-Down System . . . . Circulating Gravel Pack System Sand Control Screens . . . . FRAQ PAQ Fluid Systems . . SM 35 Sand Control Completions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 37 38 39 40 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow Management Increasing Gas Velocity While Reducing Water Production Velocity and Straddle Systems . . . . . . . . CTâ„ ¢ Tension Packer . . . . . . . . . . . . In? atable Straddle System . . . . . . . . . . Scale Inhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production/Injection Logging . . . . . . . . . Selective-Zone Completion . . . . . . . . . . Shifting Sliding Sleeves . . . . . . . . . . . Nipple-Less Completion Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 46 47 49 50 50 51 52 53 54 Flow Management Plug and Abandonment Plug and Abandonment 57 In? atable Permanent Bridge Plug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Permanent Cement Retainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Monobore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Sidetracking and Re-entry Slimhole Casing Exit Technology . . . Restricted-Bore Whipstock System . . Slimhole Milling Assemblies . . . . Open-Hole Completions . . . . . . Open-Hole Liner Systems . . . . . Coiled Tubing Drilling . . . . . . Drill Bits – Hughes Christensen Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Sidetracking and Re-entry 62 63 64 65 65 68 74 1 2 Well Cleaning A clean well bore is not only a prerequisite for trouble-free well testing and completion, it also helps ensure optimum production for the life of the well. Baker Oil Tools’ coiled-tubing-conveyed well cleaning solutions have long and highly successful track records. Well Cleaning Sandtrap System The Sandtrap System is a highly ef? cient method of cleaning out large volumes of sand or proppant from a wellbore where suf? cient annular velocity cannot be obtained to circulate the sand out conventionally using coiled tubing.The system incorporates jet pump technology and is powered by water or nitrogen. No foam is required. The Sandtrap System is extremely cost effective compared to alternatives where foam and chemicals are used. It is also extremely ef? cient and requires minimal time. The sand is removed as the tool is lowered, creating the space to continue the process. Production can be resumed immediately after cleanout. Clean wellbore ? uid enters throat and mixes with power ? uid The system comes in 5-3/4 in. and 3 in. OD sizes. Each application is ? ow modeled on an individual well basis.Key features and advantages †¢ Suitable for all sand / proppant types †¢ No foam system required for effective wellbore cleanout †¢ Water, nitrogen or mixture can be used as power ? uid †¢ Fast, ef? cient operation Return to wellbore via exit ports Case History North Sea Objective: A high volume of sand accumulated in a well causing decline in production. Bottomhole pressure in the well would not hold a ? uid column. The sand needed to be cleaned out of the well, with minimum shut-in time requested. CT Solution: A 5-3/4 in. OD Sandtrap System with extensions was chosen since a minimal amount of ? id would be introduced into the well and sand could be captured without circulating all the way up to surface, which would require a foam system. Result: The full 100% tool capacity was ? lled with sand during the ? rst two runs. During the third run only 73% of the capacity was ? lled, indicating that the sand in the well nearly emptied. This was con? rmed with the fourth run only recovering 0. 5 gallon of sand. A total of 265 gallons of sand was recovered during the operation. Sand ? ltered out Passes through gravel screen Check valve traps sand inside tool Wellbore ? uid drawn into tool Jet Pump Sand Cleanout System 3Debris Catching In wellbore cleanout situations where suf? cient annular velocity cannot be obtained to carry debris out of the wellbore, foam systems or nitri? ed ? uids can be used. A time- and cost-saving alternative is a debris catching system, which is used to remove various types of high-density debris and formation particles too heavy to be circulated to surface. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker’s Rotary Venturi Cleanout System consists of a Venturi Jet Junk Basket (VJJB) and Navi-Drill ® Workover Motor. Typically a VJJB is run alone but can be run with a motor to break up compacted debris that is too heavy to ci rculate to surface.The jet basket uses the venturi principle to create a pressure drop inside the tool. Extension barrels can be inserted in the tool to increase its solids carrying capacity. Key features and advantages †¢ Fully closed ? nger or ? utter catchers †¢ Can be run with any type of dressed shoe †¢ Adjustable reservoir through extensions †¢ Adjustable nozzles to accommodate various ? ow rates Motorhead Assembly Navi-Drill Workover Motor Venturi Jet Junk Basket A Venturi Jet Junk Basket (VJJB) with a dressed shoe can be run in conjunction with a Navi-Drill ® Workover Motor to break up compacted debris that is too heavy to circulate to surface. 4Underreaming An underreamer is designed to pass through a downhole restriction, open, clean the hole to full gauge, and close for retrieval back through the restriction. The restriction is typically in the production tubing string, in the form of nipple pro? les, mandrels, and other completion accessories. In we ll cleaning the most common underreaming task is removing cement left from coiled tubing squeeze cementing. Leftover cement is typically the result of large cement nodes forming at the squeezed perforations, or cement hardening before the excess can be reversed out. These cement restrictions must be removed before re perforating.An underreamer is also used to clean out scale and hard ? ll that cannot be removed from liners by jet-washing tools. A mill could be used in these conditions, but the resulting hole size would be about the same as the internal drift of the tubing, leaving a sheath on the walls of the liner. This sheath could dislodge during subsequent operations, possibly resulting in stuck tools. Perforating would not be as ef? cient because the charges would have to expend energy penetrating the sheath before reaching the liner. Well Cleaning Production Tubing Coiled Tubing Connector Lockable Swivel Baker Oil Tools SolutionsDual Back Pressure Valve The DBâ„ ¢ Underream er has proven highly successful in removing cement, packed sand, resin-coated sand, formation and other forms of obstructions. Unlike other slimhole underreamers, the DB Underreamer is designed with a positive locking feature to ensure all cutting blades maintain a full extension upon activation and during an underreaming operation. A proprietary software program models ? ow and operational characteristics of the DB Underreamer prior to each job and during ? eld operations. The program aids in determining appropriate ori? ce size to maximize the ef? ciency of allowable hydraulic power.Key features and advantages †¢ Adjustable nozzles for all ?ow ports †¢ Pressure indication on surface when arms are fully extended †¢ Sturdy construction for downhole reliability †¢ Designed to underream cased or open hole †¢ Positive locking of arms when activated Thru-Tubing Dual Actuated Circulating Valve Non-Rotating Stabilizer Navi-Drill X-treme Workover Motor Case History North Sea Objective: Remove cement from a 7 in. 29. 00 lb/ft liner which was left partly cemented to a total depth of 13,600 ft. Due to a 3. 695 in. restriction in the completion, a conventional fullbore milling assemby could not be run. DB UnderreamerCT Solution: A 3 in. OD DBâ„ ¢ Underreamer with lower bit box was used in combination with a 3. 35 in. turbo mill. This system was chosen because of the plug form of the cement. Cement Casing Result: The underreamer used in combination with the turbo mill successfully milled 1,118 ft of cement in a single run. Using water and high viscous pills, an average rate of penetration (ROP) of 74. 50 ft/hr was achieved. DBâ„ ¢ Underreamer Assembly 5 Impact Drilling Downhole conditions such as high temperatures (above 400 ° F) and hostile ? uids can signi? cantly reduce the life of a workover motor and limit milling operations.Impact drill systems are an attractive alternative because they perform reliably in adverse conditions. The mos t common applications of the impact drill include scale milling, hard cement milling, resin sand removal, and gravel removal. Motorhead Assembly Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker Oil Tools’ Single-Directional Impact Drill (Si-Di) is used to drill hard packed sand and cement, remove scale and drive debris downhole. The industry-leading impact drill can function as a standard impact hammer, or by applying a modular rotational feature, as a rotating impact drill. It has been speci? ally designed for use on coiled tubing but can be used on threaded pipe in conjunction with an accelerator. Fluid, gas, or foam power the tool, which can operate in temperatures over 600 °F. Single-Directional Impact Drill Key features and advantages †¢ Does not operate until the bit meets resistance †¢ Does not store reverse torque †¢ Can operate in high temperatures (above 600 °F) †¢ Operates with most ? uid media including high volumes of nitrogen †¢ Short make-up length †¢ Can be equipped to operate in hostile conditions †¢ Low redress costs (not constructed of elastomers) HIPP-TRIPPER Accelerator Weight BarCase History North Sea Objective: Barium sulfate scale needed to be removed from a well which had a restricted tool-string deployment height of 11 ft. This ruled out using a conventional positive displacement motor and underreamer assembly. CT Solution: A 2-5/8 in. OD Si-Di Impact Drill equipped with a Cut Button Bit was deployed with a conventional motorhead assembly. Overall assembly length was 9 ft. Result: The assembly successfully drilled out approximately 210 ft of barium sulfate scale at an average rate of 61 ft/hour. The cleanout yielded a 96% increase in oil production in the 7 in. monobore completion.Si-Di HIPP-TRIPPER Impact Drill Cut Button Bit A well cleaning bottomhole assembly incorporating a Si-Di Impact Drill in combination with a Cut Button Bit for scale removal or hard formation drilling. 6 Mechanical Scale Removal R emoving scale is one of the most common through-tubing applications on coiled tubing. Although various other methods of scale removal have been attempted, mechanical methods have yielded by far the most consistent success rate. Well Cleaning Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker Oil Tools’ METAL MUNCHER ® Turbo Scale Mill has proven to be the most effective of all options for scale removal.A typical Baker Oil Tools scale removal bottomhole assembly (BHA) consists of a Turbo Scale Mill run below the industry-leading NaviDrill ® X-treme ® Workover Motor. The cutting matrix and layout of the Turbo Scale Mill face have been optimized for this setup. The mill has a smaller contact area when milling, which reduces torque consumption. As a result, there are fewer motor stalls and rate of penetration (ROP) is increased. Stabilizer pads and brass dressed on top of the METAL MUNCHER inserts minimize the risk of damaging the tubing or casing wall.The mill is dressed such that if the ini tial cutting edge breaks due to vibration or hardness of the scale, a second, lower, dressed layer will take over. This design has lengthened mill life per run and reduced trips to surface during extended milling operations, while the improved ef? ciency has increased cost savings through reduction in overall intervention time. Baker’s METAL MUNCHER ® Turbo Scale Mill has proven to be the most effective of all scale removal options. Key features and advantages (Navi-Drill ® X-treme ® Workover Motor) †¢ Higher rates of penetration †¢ Extended run times †¢ Reduced milling times †¢ Minimal ? w rates required to achieve maximum horsepower †¢ Controlled rotational speed protects cutting matrix †¢ Increased reliability in high-stress applications †¢ Successful operation in downhole temperatures above 400 ° F 7 Case History North Sea Objective: The operator required ef? cient removal of scale from a 14,400 ft well consisting consisting of 4 -1/2 in. 13. 50 lb/ft tubing and 7 in. 35. 00 lb/ft liner. Wellbore ? uids were known to be hostile with a history of causing severe damage to conventional workover motor stators. The operation was to be performed from a lower deck with restricted height available for tool-string deployment.CT Solution: A reduced length 2. 88 in. OD Navi-Drill ® X-treme ® Workover Motor was proposed in conjunction with a 3. 61 in. OD METAL MUNCHER ® Turbo Scale Mill. The reduced length assembly could be deployed within the restricted riser height. Result: The hard scale was successfully removed from the 4-1/2 in. tubing using the Turbo Scale Milling Assembly. The same motor was again deployed in conjunction with a DBâ„ ¢ Underreamer to successfully remove scale from the 7 in. liner. Job time for both trips was less than 14 hours, with no ? uid damage caused to the X-treme Motor stator.Top No-Go Tubing Nipple Coiled Tubing Connector Lockable Swivel Dual Back Pressure Valve Universal Hydrauli c Disconnect Thru-Tubing Dual Actuated Circulating Valve Non-Rotating Stabilizer Navi-Drill X-treme Workover Motor Turbo Scale Mill A typical Baker scale removal bottomhole assembly (BHA) consists of a Turbo Scale Mill run below the industry-leading Navi-Drill  ® X-treme  ® Workover Motor. 8 High-Pressure Jet Washing Wellbore cleaning solutions also include a variety of high-pressure jet washing tools. These tools are used for sand, paraf? n, asphaltine or scale cleanouts.High-pressure jet washing tools are also highly effective for cleaning completion accessories such as nipples, gas lift mandrels and screens where mechanical means are limited. Well Cleaning Coiled Tubing Connector Baker Oil Tools Solutions Lateral entry and washing Dual Back Pressure Valve Baker Oil Tools offers an extensive array of tools that can be used as accessories for standard milling and ? shing assemblies. The Hydraulic Indexing Tool enables a BHA to rotate in 30 ° increments with high torque. The H ydraulic Bent Sub is designed to provide a means of hydraulically â€Å"kicking over† a tool string for entry into laterals or for ? hing applications. The High-Flow Spinning Wash Tool is used to ef? ciently wash sand and debris. Key features and advantages †¢ Kick-over force is easily controllable by hydraulic pressure differential †¢ Positive rotational control when used with indexing tool †¢ High speed rotation spinning wash tool †¢ May be run with a variety of ? uids Universal Hydraulic Disconnect Indexing Tool Hydraulic Bent Sub Spinning Wash Tool A lateral wash assembly consisting of a Hydraulic Indexing Tool, a Hydraulic Bent Sub and a High-Flow Spinning Wash Tool. 9Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool The Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool effectively cleans out the wellbore or stimulates the reservoir using the ? uidic oscillating principle. A vortex is formed inside the tool, which produces oscillating pulses upon exiting. These pulses produce sonic stress waves that have a far greater effective range than a common jetting nozzle. Non-damaging cleanout of complex and delicate structures such as downhole screens, installations, gas lift mandrels, and sliding sleeves is possible because the cleaning radius is not limited by tool standoff.Key features and advantages †¢ No moving parts †¢ Pulsates any ? uid, gas, or mixture such as nitrogen, water and/or acid †¢ Produces sonic stress waves so cleaning radius is not limited by tool geometry †¢ Effectively stimulates the reservoir †¢ Available ? ush with coiled tubing OD Internal Coiled Tubing Connector Coiled Tubing Case History Texas Objective: To remove barium sulfate scale from the production tubing and perforated interval in a gas well where previous bailer attempts were unsuccessful. Production in the well had steadily declined to 140 Mcf/day and 600 psi wellhead pressure.CT Solution: A 1-1/4 in. OD Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool on 1-1/4 in. OD coiled tubing was selected to clean out the barium sulfate scale. To ensure the ? ll would return to surface and reduce the hydrostatic pressure acting on the reservoir, a water / nitrogen mixture was used. Result: The cyclic stress waves generated by the action created by the Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool, combined with the water medium, broke up the scale. The scale was successfully removed and production increased to 5 MMscf with a 2,600 psi wellhead pressure. Dual Back Pressure ValveVortech Pulsating Jetting Tool Wellbore Cleanout and Reservoir Stimulation 10 Fishing and Milling Recovering Tools with Downhole Vibration Technology When ? shing on coiled tubing for devices stuck in hole, hydraulic jars are typically used as means of providing impact force to free the device. The drawback is that the pipe must be cycled over the gooseneck multiple times to ? re and reset the jar. Downhole vibration technology places impact energy right where the device is stuck and frees it quickly, even from deep or deviated wells. Coiled Tubing ConnectorFishing and Milling Baker Oil Tools Solutions Dual Back Pressure Valve Universal Hydraulic Disconnect Non-Rotating Stabilizer Unlike conventional jars, Baker’s Bi-Directional Vibratory Jar (Bi-Di) delivers the energy of the impact immediately above the ? sh. The Bi-Di is used extensively in ? shing operations to deliver both upward and downward impact up to 1,000 times per minute. This high-frequency jarring action, combined with a constant overpull, is similar to the action created by a vibratory extractor, which is a highly effective method of extracting sand-compacted ? h. The Bi-Directional Vibratory Jar is especially effective for installing and removing equipment in horizontal and highly deviated wells. Because the tool resets and activates itself with the aid of pumped ? uid, cycling the coiled tubing is eliminated, which extends its life. In addition to functioning as an excellent alternative to jarring, the vibratory jar can be used to shift sliding sleeves, swage open collapsed tubing, break ceramic or glass disks, and retrieve wireline tools in deviated wells. Key features and advantages †¢ May be operated using gas/foam/? id including nitrogen †¢ Temperature rated up to 600 °F †¢ Compatible with highly deviated/horizontal wellbore applications †¢ Can circulate while going in the hole †¢ Eliminates cycling of pipe Bi-Di HIPP-TRIPPER Vibratory Jar Case History Gulf of Mexico Objective: A G-Stop Plug installed above a gravel pack screen needed to be removed. Numerous wireline and coiled tubing overpull and jarring methods had been unsuccessful in removing the plug. Hydraulic Releasing Spear CT Solution: Deploy a 2-1/8 in. Bi-Directional Vibratory Jar to retrieve the G-Stop. Result: G-Stop was retrieved in 18 minutes of on-bottom time.Bi-Directional Vibratory Fishing BHA 11 Recovering Tools with Hydraulically Activated Fishing Tools Most types of conventional spears and ov ershots can be conveyed on coiled tubing. These include standard basket and spiral-type overshots, kelo sockets, mousetrap overshots, and releasing spears. However, these types of tools cannot be released conventionally because coiled tubing cannot be rotated. If these tools are run on coiled tubing and the ? sh cannot be retrieved after latching the overshot, a hydraulic disconnect farther up the tool string must be activated.This leaves additional tools in the hole. To avoid this situation, it is advisable to run hydraulic releasing spears and overshots before running conventional types of spears and overshots when ? shing using coiled tubing. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker’s Hydraulic Releasing Spears and Overshots are designed speci? cally for coiled tubing ? shing operations. The overshot is used to catch either external ? shnecks or slick ODs, and the spear is used in internal ? shnecks or slick IDs. Hydraulic Releasing Spears and Overshots for ? shneck pro? les are dr essed with a collet designed to ? a speci? c ? shneck type. Overshots and spears designed to catch slick ? shnecks are dressed with a grapple-type collet in the speci? c catch range size required. For ? shing in larger-diameter wellbores, Baker Oil Tools' patented hydraulic release ? shing tools have been designed to allow engagement of a ? sh with an internal or external ? shing neck. These tools were designed speci? cally for coiled tubing or threaded pipe operations where no rotation is possible. Key features and advantages †¢ Designed speci? cally for coiled tubing conveyance †¢ Ability to circulate ? id out of the end of the tool provides a means of washing debris or ? ll from the ? shneck to allow proper latching †¢ Collet-style grapple does not get loaded during jarring operation; grapple section that catches the ? sh is in compression when pulling or jarring on the ? sh Indexing Tool Motorhead Assembly Hydraulic Knuckle Joint Hydraulic Release Overshot A Baker Oil Tools Hydraulic Release Overshot is combined in a bottomhole assembly with other hydraulically actuated tools to enable ? shing through tubing in a larger bore. This BHA can locate a small ? hing neck in a larger bore by activating the Indexing Tool and the Hydraulic Bent Sub to systematically search the larger bore and engage the ? sh. 12 Internal Fishing Necks Size Max 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4 5 7 . 90 1. 08 1. 40 1. 83 2. 33 2. 64 3. 14 4. 02 5. 38 A (In. ) Min . 88 1. 06 1. 38 1. 81 2. 31 2. 62 3. 12 4. 00 5. 40 Max 1. 05 1. 24 1. 58 1. 99 2. 52 2. 83 3. 33 4. 21 5. 62 B (In. ) Min 1. 03 1. 22 1. 56 1. 97 2. 50 1-1/2 2. 81 3. 31 4. 19 5. 64 2 3 2. 81 3. 38 4. 19 5. 60 2. 78 3. 35 4. 16 5. 64 1 1. 38 2 C (In. ) D (In. ) E (In. ) Max 1. 03 1. 19 1. 62 1. 94 2. 50 F (In. ) Min 1. 0 1. 16 1. 59 1. 91 2. 47 Fishing and Milling E D C C MIN .50 70? 45? 30? 30? F A B A -. 010 +. 000 B -. 032 +. 000 D MIN .03 R . 06 X 45 Internal Fishing Necks .06 R External Fishing Necks Exter nal Fishing Necks Min tubing size in which neck may be run (In. ) 1. 660 Pulling Tool A (In. ) B (In. ) C (In. ) D (In. ) Otis 1-3/16 RB 1-5/16 SM* 1-1/4 RB* 1-1/2 RB* 1-1/2 RB* 1-1/2 SB 2 RB* 2 SB 2-1/2 RB* 2-1/2 SB 3 RB* 3 SB Camco 1-1/4 JDC* 1-5/16 JDC* 1-3/8 JDC* 1-1/2 JDC* 1-1/2 JUC 2 JDC* 2 JUC 2-1/2 JDC* 2-1/2 JUC 3 JDC* 3 JUC .875 .688 2-3/4 1-5/16 1. 660 1. 000 .813 2-3/4 1-7/16 1. 900 1. 188 1. 000 -1/4 1-1/2 2-3/8 1. 375 1. 188 2-3/8 1-15/16 2-7/8 1. 750 1. 500 2-1/4 2-3/8 3-1/2 2. 313 2. 063 2-1/4 2-7/8 * These dimensions are based on using the pulling tools (overshots) most commonly found on wireline service trucks. They are the Otis RB, RS, SB, and SS, and the Camco JDC, JUC, JDS, and JUS. The RB, RS, JUC, and JUS are all jar-up release tools, and the others are jar-down to release. The minimum recommended distance to allow an Otis SB or Camco JDC pulling tool to release. Fishing neck type size sometimes referred to by â€Å"A† dimension. The least recommended d iameter immediately surrounding the ? hing neck to allow the overshot dogs room to latch and unlatch. Camco is a trademark of Schlumberger; Otis is a registered trademark of Halliburton. 13 Recovering Coiled Tubing When coiled tubing parts in tension, it â€Å"necks† down over several inches at the point where it parted. It is possible for overshots to engage the top of the parted section, but engaging parted coiled tubing can be dif? cult because of residual helix and spring in the coil itself. When coiled tubing parts are in compression, it typically buckles and bends over to form a â€Å"shepherd's hook† shape.A compression failure normally requires dressing the coiled tubing using a washover shoe before running tools such as a Snipper or Continuous Tubing Overshots. Baker Oil Tools Solutions The Snipper Overshot is used to remove the damaged top section of parted coiled tubing remaining in the hole. A catch and cutting mechanism in the overshot washes over the top of the coiled tubing. Once the required amount of coiled tubing (typically 5 to 10 ft) is â€Å"swallowed†, overpull is applied, which forces the catch grapple to bite into the coiled tubing. This overpull may be suf? cient to free the ? h. If not, the overpull is increased to activate the lower cutting grapple, which cuts the coiled tubing. Once the snipper has been run, a round ? shneck with a non-restricted ID remains to allow passage of a chemical cutter should one be required later in the ? shing operation. The Snipper Overshot has also been used as a primary retrieval tool to recover several thousand feet of coiled tubing in a single trip. The Continuous Tubing Overshot (CTO) is used to catch coiled tubing that has parted in the hole. The CTO uses an internal grapple sized to the coiled tubing being ? shed.The grapple segments are arranged in a circumference to provide a nearly complete slip bite. They are springloaded against the coiled tubing, so long sections of tubi ng can be washed over without dragging the grapple teeth against the tubing and causing tooth damage. The CTO moves freely downward over the coiled tubing. The grapple segments engage with any upward movement of the tool. The CTO can be run with either threaded tubing or coiled tubing workstrings when ? shing coiled tubing. Sometimes circulating ? uids out around the coiled tubing being ? shed can help to free it.In these cases, a High Pressure Packoff (HPP) is run above the CTO. The HPP can also allow drop balls to be circulated to seat in circulation subs and hydraulic disconnect tools in the original BHA. Actuation of these tools can also help to free the stuck tubing. Key features and advantages †¢ Modular design for multiple sizes of coiled tubing †¢ Snipper retrieves coiled tubing above cut in same trip †¢ May be run on threaded or coiled tubing †¢ High Pressure Packoff allows high pressure circulation through a ? sh Cut and retrieve Coiled Tubing using a S nipper Overshot. 14Case History Algeria Objective: Poor cement quality in a well created problems in setting a cement kickoff plug, which resulted in 2 in. coiled tubing being cemented in the well. The cemented coiled tubing had to be removed so the completion could be recovered. CT Solution: A Baker Oil Tools Snipper Overshot was deployed to cut and retrieve the coiled tubing which was cemented on the inside. Result: On the ? rst run of the Snipper Overshot, 1,115 ft of 2 in. CT was successfully recovered with no problems. The ? nal foot of recoverable CT was recovered on the second run.The remaining section of CT was below the existing completion, so the operator was able to remove the entire completion. Fishing and Milling 15 Removing and Recovering Obstructions Breaking completion obstructions such as knock-out isolation valves (KOIV) using an impact hammer and ceramic disk breaker is common practice on coiled tubing. Traditionally the debris is removed with a debris catching de vice on a subsequent run. However, Baker Oil Tools offers a safe, reliable, one-trip solution. Coiled Tubing Connector Baker Oil Tools SolutionsBaker’s Single-Directional Impact Drill (Si-Di) is used to drill hard packed sand and cement, remove scale and drive debris downhole. The industry-leading impact drill can function as a standard impact hammer or, by applying a modular rotational feature, as a rotating impact drill. It has been speci? cally designed for use on coiled tubing but can be used on threaded pipe in conjunction with an accelerator. Fluid, gas, or foam power the tool, which can operate in temperatures over 600 °F. The Si-Di can also be run with a Venturi Jet Junk Basket to allow wellbore obstructions to be impacted and debris recovered in a single trip.Key features and advantages †¢ Does not operate until the bit meets resistance †¢ Does not store reverse torque †¢ Can operate in high temperatures (above 600 ° F) †¢ Operates with most ? uid media including high volumes of nitrogen †¢ Short make-up length †¢ Can be equipped to operate in hostile conditions †¢ Low redress costs (not constructed of elastomers) Dual Back Pressure Valve Hydraulic Jar FA Hydraulic Disconnect Case History Gulf of Mexico Objective: On an extremely challenging thru-tubing ? shing operation, where operational risk and cost had to be minimized, the following objectives were given; †¢ To break a pair of ceramic isolation ? ppers at 26,806 ft measured depth †¢ Ensure effective cleaning after breakage of the ? appers and any other debris encountered †¢ Shift a ? uid loss device at a depth of 27,090 ft MD CT Solution: The Si-Di HIPP-TRIPPER ®, Venturi Jet Junk Basket and custom bit were deployed in the same BHA to allow the ? appers to be broken, debris to be collected and the ? uid loss device to be shifted open, all in one trip. Extensive testing and prejob planning con? rmed the solution’s feasibility. R esult: Results of the operations performed are summarized as follows: †¢ The ? appers were broken, debris recovered and ? id loss valve shifted. †¢ Fewer trips reduced overall risk of the operation and saved the client an estimated $400,000 †¢ The job set a record working depth for coiled tubing in the Gulf of Mexico. Obstruction Removal and Recovery System Si-Di HIPP-TRIPPER Impact Drill Venturi Jet Junk Basket Special Shoe 16 Cutting Pipe Production Tubing Coiled Tubing Connector Dual Back Pressure Valve For many years, wireline-conveyed explosive jet and chemical cutters have been the preferred choice for cutting tubulars in slimhole wellbores. Baker Oil Tools offers a safe, ef? ient alternative in applications where explosive jet or chemical cutters are unable to provide suf? cient energy to cut single or multiple strings of pipe downhole. Baker Oil Tools Solutions The DBâ„ ¢ Cutter is safer than explosive or chemical cutting methods since it does not contain o r use any hazardous materials and is activated by hydraulic pressure and mechanical forces. Its superior cutting ability is proven by the fact that it has successfully cut internally plastic-coated drill pipe and production tubing containing 25% CR and has completed cuts through multiple strings of pipe with cement in between.The DB Cutter uses several unique cutting blade con? gurations that were designed speci? cally to address various metallurgical properties and dimensions. The cutting blades contain METAL MUNCHER ® cutting inserts, which were developed by Baker Oil Tools to mill and cut a variety of metals downhole at a high rate of penetration. METAL MUNCHER blades require less applied weight and less torque. They last longer; cuttings are small, uniform, and easy to circulate out. Each cutting insert is placed in a speci? c pattern to ensure that a new cutting element becomes exposed to the pipe wall when the previous insert diminishes.When cutting tubing using coiled tubin g as means of deployment, it is dif? cult to keep the knives of the cutting tool in a ? xed position, because the coiled tubing is moving when the pumps are started or when the pump rate is increased. The robust, self-stabilizing DB Cutter and a Navi-Drill ® V. I. P. â„ ¢ or X-treme ® Workover Motor in combination with the Hydraulic/Mechanical Tubing Anchor constitute the preferred bottomhole assembly for this type of application. Key features and advantages †¢ Self-stabilizing Fishing and Milling Universal Hydraulic DisconnectDual Actuated Circulating Sub Hydraulic Centralizer Navi-Drill V. I. P. Workover Motor DB Cutter †¢ Superior cutting ability from blades designed with METAL MUNCHER cutting inserts †¢ Safer than explosive or chemical cutting methods †¢ Limited maximum knife expansion prevents damage to outer casing strings Tubing Cut @ 7,290 ft Tubing Cut @ 7,661 ft Case History South America Objective: To perform a series of cuts in 4-1/2 in. 12. 75 lb/ft tubing which was stuck inside 9-5/8 in. casing due to a sand ? lled annulus. A tubing washover was not feasible due to wire and clamps being ? ed to the tubing OD. A previous chemical cutter attempt was unsuccessful. CT Solution: A 2-1/4 in. DB Cutter was deployed with a 2-1/8 in. OD Navi-Drill ® Workover Motor, Hydraulic Centralizer and standard running assembly. Result: Five cuts were made inside the tubing. Two of the cuts were completed in a single trip into the well. Although one of the ? ve cuts had penetrated 90% into the pipe, each cut was pulled successfully and no top dressing was required prior to latching with a ? shing overshot. Tubing Cut @ 7,943 ft Tubing Cut @ 8,255 ft Tubing Cut @ 8,537 ftCasing DBâ„ ¢ Cutter System, cutting production tubing with sensor wire clamped onto the outside 17 Milling Coiled tubing is used to mill materials such as scale, metal, cement and composite and cast-iron bridge plugs, as well as many forms of loose junk. When milling m etal, Baker Oil Tools’ ? shing calculations software helps calculate mill bit speeds to provide optimum milling performance. Fishing Calculations Software Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker Oil Tools’ METAL MUNCHER ® Step Mill consists of a series of steps with a wear pad at the top of the largest OD step.Each step is dressed with tungsten carbide cutting inserts, and the length of each step is custom built to suit the dimensions of the nipple being enlarged. The step feature is designed to keep torque consumption of the workover motor low and cutting sizes to a minimum. This mill design is based in part on lathe-cutting principles and leaves a machine-like ? nish on the milled surface. The mill may be manufactured with a pilot for additional stabilization. Enlarging or removing nipple pro? les is usually performed during through-tubing operations where the ID of the nipple is less than the OD of tools required to pass through it.In many cases, the lower tailpipe nipple of the completion is removed to allow contingency ? shing tools access to the liner below. A pro? le-enlargement milling assembly includes the same BHA con? guration as a scale milling assembly, but with a different mill bit design. Step Mill Key features and advantages †¢ Low torque application †¢ Machine-like ? nish left on milled surface †¢ Will not damage outer string 18 Case History North Sea Objective: An operator in the UK sector of the North Sea required a 3. 688 in. ID nickel alloy â€Å"AR† Nipple to be milled out to 3. 75 in. ID to allow a Baker Oil Tools Coiled Tubing Straddle Assembly consisting of two 3. 70 in. OD Model KB Packers to be set below the nipple. Fishing and Milling CT Solution: Due to the extreme challenges presented by milling nickel alloy material, two special insert step mills were custom built for this application. The mills were deployed on 1-1/2 in. OD coiled tubing and powered by a 2-7/8 in. Navi-Drill ® Workover Motor. Resu lt: The nipple was milled to 3. 875 in. ID out in two runs as planned, with actual on-bottom milling time of 5-1/2 hours for both runs.The second mill drifted the nipple twice upon completion of milling and was measured in gauge upon inspection at surface. The KB straddle assembly could then be set below the nipple depth. 19 METAL MUNCHER ® Milling Assembly with Magnetic Chip Catcher On a milling job, a Magnetic Chip Catcher can be run above the motor to help remove cuttings from the well. The tool houses magnets that attract metal chips from the wellbore ? uid. This tool is ideal for use on coiled tubing, where annular ? uid velocities are too low to carry cuttings out of the well. The catcher is usually run directly above the motor.A centralizer is incorporated in the tool to stand it off the casing so cuttings will remain on the tool and not be scraped off while pulling out of the hole. Key features and advantages †¢ Helps keep metal cuttings out of mud system †¢ Magn ets are enclosed in housing for easy cutting removal †¢ Special centralizer feature to maintain standoff from casing Universal Hydraulic Disconnect Coiled Tubing Connector Dual Back Pressure Valve Case History Alaska Objective: The operator required approximately 80 ft of 2-7/8 in. 6. 40 lb/ft liner – cemented inside 4-1/2 in. 12. 0 lb/ft casing – to be milled and circulated out of the well. This would allow a whipstock to be set at a desired kickoff point and a dual exit window to be milled through 4-1/2 in. 12. 60 lb/ft and 7 in. 26. 00 lb/ft casing. CT Solution: A high-performance Navi-Drill ® X-treme ® Workover Motor was deployed on coiled tubing in combination with a custom-designed METAL MUNCHER ® Piranha Mill. Result: The required section of 2-7/8 in. liner was successfully removed in a total of 94 hours milling time. The monobore whipstock was subsequently set at the desired kickoff point and the window milled through two casing strings.Thru-Tubing F ishing Chip Catcher Dual Actuated Circulating Valve Navi-Drill X-treme Workover Motor METAL MUNCHER Junk Mill Milling Bottomhole Assembly with Chip Catcher 20 OPTICUT â„ ¢ Mills Baker Oil Tools’ OPTICUTâ„ ¢ Junk Mills are designed for milling debris where milling inserts are considered too aggressive. These mills effectively remove composite bridge plugs such as QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ plugs. While a single mill can remove an average of seven to ten composite bridge plugs before redress is required, as many as 14 plugs have been removed successfully using the same OPTICUTâ„ ¢ mill.OPTICUTâ„ ¢ dressed mills use the patented OPTICUTâ„ ¢ starshaped insert that is ideally suited to mud motors since it creates small cuttings and does not need high set-down weight to perform optimally. Baker Oil Tools offers a variety of sizes and con? gurations accommodating all common casing and tubing sizes. Key features and advantages †¢ Optimum shaped geometry assures sharp cutti ng edges and points are looking up no matter how the insert is positioned †¢ Sixteen cutting points and eight cutting edges OPTICUT â„ ¢ Star-Shaped Insert Fishing and Milling Sharp edges and points result in less weight requirement and increased rate of penetration (ROP) 21 Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub The Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub, when positioned between a workover motor and a mill, improves milling performance and aids in achieving higher rates of penetration. A vortex is formed inside the tool, which produces oscillating pulses. Upon exiting; these pulses produce sonic stress waves that have a far greater effective range than a common bit nozzle. Because pressure differential created across the bit sub is only 75 psi, the overall performance of the motor is not compromised.Higher penetration rates result from the higher impact pressure created from pulsing the jet stream and the reduction of the â€Å"hydraulic hold-down effect† on cuttings that is caused by straigh t jets. The Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub aids not only in breaking up hard, brittle material, but also in cleaning the bit and removing debris from the hole. Key features and advantages †¢ Pulsates any ? uid, gas, or mixture such as nitrogen, water, and/or acid †¢ Produces sonic stress waves so cleaning radius is not limited by tool geometry †¢ Increased penetration rate Motorhead Assembly Case History Texas Objective: Mill cement from inside a 2-7/8 in. ompletion, which was inadvertently set 2,500 ft too high. CT Solution: A Vortech Bit Sub along with a 1-11/16 in. OD workover motor and cement mill. Result: 1-11/16 in. workover motor and cement mill showed slow progress. When the Vortech Bit Sub was installed between the motor and mill, rate of penetration (ROP) increased by 40%. Navi-Drill X-treme Workover Motor Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub Turbo Scale Mill Scale Milling Assembly with Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub 22 Zone Isolation Through Tubing Zone isolation is one of the most common through-tubing well intervention operations where coiled tubing can add value.Through-tubing workover solutions can be carried out in ‘live’ well conditions, negating any requirements for costly and time-consuming well kill operations and eliminating the chances of irreparable wellbore damage that may result from using kill-weight ? uids. A through-tubing zonal isolation system can be engineered to provide a solution whether the zone in question is a lower zone, an intermediate zone or an upper zone. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker pioneered the development of reliable, high-expansion, Thru-Tubing In? atable Element Technology beginning in 1985.The most prevalent industry use of Thru-Tubing in? atable products and services has been in the area of zone isolation, with water shutoff ranking as the number one application. The versatility offered by a Thru-Tubing in? atable packing element allows for tools to be set in the most diverse range of wellbore environm ents, including cased hole, slotted pipe, perforations, open hole and screens. Our complete line of coiled tubing deployed in? atable products and services includes ? t-for-purpose, in-house-designed running and retrieving tools and our INFLATEDESIGNâ„ ¢ proprietary design software package.INFLATEDESIGN aids in the planning, engineering and implementation of our Thru-Tubing in? atable well intervention tools. The software enables structured gathering of relevant completion, reservoir, coiled tubing and post well intervention information which is used to generate an in? atable element performance envelope. This performance envelope identi? es the ability of the selected Thru-Tubing element to handle the required differential pressure conditions and enables the Baker Oil Tools operations engineer to make job set-up changes to minimize the effects of these conditions and optimize the results to the operator.Zone Isolation Section View of In? atable Element 3. 375 in. Inflatable Elem ent Performance Envelope for 6. 094 in. ID Standard Element -6000. 00 -4000. 00 -2000. 00 Below Element Pressure (psia) 0. 00 2000. 00 4000. 00 6000. 00 8000. 00 8000. 00 6000. 00 4000. 00 Above Element Pressure (psia) COND #1 2000. 00 0. 00 COND #2 -2000. 00 -4000. 00 -6000. 00 1600 psi Initial Inflate Pressure Cond. #1 Cond. #2 INFLATEDESIGNâ„ ¢ Element Performance Envelope 23 Retrievable Bridge Plug A Thru-Tubing Retrievable Bridge Plug may be used to plug off any part of the wellbore where a more temporary or temporary-to-permanent application is required.The Retrievable Bridge Plug is conveyed to setting depth via coiled tubing and set by means of applied coiled tubing pressure. After setting, the bridge plug is disconnected from the running string via a hydraulic release running tool. A high-expansion in? atable packing element may allow for expansion capabilities of greater than 350% and may support applied differential pressures of greater than 8,500 psi. The bridge plug may be retrieved with either coiled tubing or wireline and latched, equalized and released with a single trip in the hole. Key features and advantages †¢ No well kill required †¢ In? table packing element can be run through restrictions then seals effectively in larger ID below †¢ Single trip to equalize, release and retrieve reduces intervention costs †¢ External ? shing neck pro? le eliminates internal debris problems Coiled Tubing Slip Type Coiled Tubing Connector Dual Flapper Type Back Pressure Valve Ball Operated Secondary Hydraulic Release Case History Indonesia Objective: An operator in Indonesia needed to isolate a lower water-producing zone in 9-5/8 in. 47. 00 lb/ft casing through a minimum tubing restriction of 3. 13 in. CT Solution: A Baker Oil Tools 3. 00 in. OD Thru-Tubing In? table Retrievable Bridge Plug was run, set and disconnected from a setting depth of 8,470 ft and a deviation of 67?. Result: After returning the well to production, the water c ut was reduced from 12,000 bbls/day to 7,300 bbls/day while the production rate was increased from 1,400 bbls/day to 4,500 bbls/day. Thru-Tubing In? atable Permanent Bridge Plug. Please refer to Page 58. Thru-Tubing In? atable Permanent Cement Retainer. Please refer to Page 59. Nipple Pro? le Locator Ball Operated Circulation Valve In? ation Valve Hydraulic Disconnect Running Tool Retrievable Bridge Plug CT Isolation of Lower Zones Using a Thru-Tubing In? table Retrievable Bridge Plug 24 Retrievable Packer The Thru-Tubing In? atable Retrievable Packer is a high-expansion retrievable packer designed to carry out various workover operations in a through-tubing environment. Zonal isolation with a packer is typically performed on either a lower or intermediate zone. For lower zone applications, the packer is used to protect the upper zones from the cement or chemical shut-off treatment performed through the coiled tubing. The Thru-Tubing In? atable Packer is conveyed to setting depth vi a coiled tubing, set, treating operations conducted, equalized and retrieved in a single trip in hole.For intermediate zone isolation, the packer will more than likely be used in conjunction with a Thru-Tubing Retrievable In? atable Bridge Plug. Here the bridge plug will be set below the zone of interest and the packer positioned above the zone of interest. Now coiled tubing treatment operations can be performed selectively to the required isolation zone. Coiled Tubing Slip Type Coiled Tubing Connector Zone Isolation Fluid Loading Valve Key features and advantages †¢ Selective treatment eliminates damage to productive zones Dual Flapper Type Back Pressure Valve One-trip system reduces intervention costs †¢ Coiled tubing stays attached so recovery concerns are minimized †¢ Integral packer equalization negates potentially damaging CT forces Ball Operated Secondary Hydraulic Release Tension Operated Equalizing/ Circulating Valve Retrievable Packer Selective Zonal Treatme nt Using Thru-Tubing In? atable Retrievable Packer 25 Straddle Systems Baker Oil Tools has designed a number of Thru-Tubing In? atable Straddle Systems with different geometries to offer clients a solution to zonal isolation requirements where isolation of either an upper or intermediate zone is required.Both permanent and retrievable systems are available with design criteria that optimize the ratio of straddle ID to straddle OD in order to minimize restrictions for either production or injection through the zone of isolation. These systems can be run as a single unit if coiled tubing lubricator restrictions will allow, or more commonly, in sections. When running a modular system, the straddle system is effectively assembled downhole via multiple coiled tubing runs using a releasable and sealable snap latch mechanism to couple the straddle sections together in the wellbore.To date the longest straddle placed in a producing environment using this technology was in excess of 1,800 ft . The straddle system may also incorporate ? ow control devices such as nipples and sliding sleeves, and can be blank pipe or sand screen depending on isolation requirements. Key features and advantages †¢ Maximizing straddle OD/ID ratio minimizes pressure drop and may allow the potential of future through-straddle intervention work †¢ Straddle length is not limited by lubricator constraints †¢ Availability of exotic alloys means intervention straddle can meet completion metallurgy selection criteriaCompletion Case History UK Objective: A well in the UK sector of the North Sea required isolation of an upper gas producing zone in 7 in. 29. 00 lb/ft L-80 casing below a 4. 313 in. minimum restriction. The zone in question was perforated from 14,622 ft to 14,724 ft. A differential pressure capability of 6,000 psi was required. CT Solution: A 4-1/4 in. OD x 2. 25 in. ID Thru-Tubing Permanent In? atable Straddle System was run in two sections. The total straddle length was 168 ft with a 2-7/8 in. 6. 40 lb/ft straddle pipe used.Result: After straddle installation, the lower oil producing zone was perforated through the straddle and the well brought back on line with produced ? uids in excess of 20,000 bbls per day. This in? atable straddle system was maintained in a producing environment for more than seven years. In? atable Straddle Acidizing Packer (ISAPâ„ ¢). Please refer to Page 30. Snap Latch Upper Receptacle Upper Straddle Element Interval Spacing Lower Straddle Element Wireline Entry Guide Intermediate Zonal Isolation Using Thru-Tubing In? atable Straddle System 26 MonoboreWith coiled-tubing-conveyed systems, zone isolation in a monobore well intervention operation does not require costly kill-weight ? uids that can irreversibly damage the formation. Not using kill-weight ? uids allows the effective treatment of zones that require fracturing operations in a wide range of injection pressures. A monobore zone isolation system can be targeted to provide a solution whether the treatment of the zone is in a lower, intermediate or upper portion of the wellbore. Baker Oil Tools provides a one-trip, coiled-tubing-conveyed system for single zone isolation in monobore environments.Baker Oil Tools Solutions The Model N-1â„ ¢ Cast Iron Bridge Plug is a high-performance, drillable bridge plug suitable for almost any zone isolation operation. The plug is constructed from select materials that provide a combination of strength and drillability. The CTâ„ ¢ Hydraulic Setting Tool and Model N-1 Bridge Plug are designed to be run and hydraulically operated on coiled tubing. No rotation is required to operate the system, which makes it ideal for coiled tubing applications in highly deviated wells.When running the Model N-1, the CT Setting Tool allows the operator to spot cement on top of the bridge plug and/or circulate the hole clean prior to pulling out of the well. Key features and advantages †¢ Construction of drillable mate rials allow coiled tubing deployed downhole mills and motors to easily remove the bridge plug should it be necessary to do so for future operations †¢ Drill-out time is minimized †¢ Swab-resistant element design allows faster run-in speed Model WGâ„ ¢ Retrievable Bridge Plug. Please refer to Page 34. CT Setting Tool. Please refer to Page 60.The CTâ„ ¢ Service Packer is a compact, economical, retrievable packer designed for use in coiled tubing applications. The CT Packer is a multiple-set-and-release packer that operates ef? ciently with an â€Å"auto-J† mechanism actuated from the surface by axial movement of the coiled tubing, which makes the packer easy to set and release. The emergency shear release values can be adjusted for downhole conditions and pull capabilities. Key features and advantages †¢ Short and compact †¢ Uses an easy-to-operate â€Å"auto-J† mechanism for multiple set and release †¢ Adjustable emergency shear releaseZon e Isolation Model CTâ„ ¢ Tension Set Service Packer 27 28 Stimulation and Fracturing Conveying stimulation and fracturing systems on coiled tubing allows these operations to be carried out in a â€Å"live† well, so there is no need for a costly and time consuming well kill and no chance of irreparable wellbore damage from the use of kill-weight ? uids. Through Tubing ISAP We pioneered the development of high-expansion, Thru-Tubing In? atable Element Technology beginning in 1985. The versatility offered by a Thru-Tubing In? table Packing Element allows for service tools to be set in the most diverse range of wellbore environments, including cased hole, slotted pipe, perforations, open hole and screens. Our complete line of coiled-tubing-deployed in? atable products and services includes ? t-for-purpose, in-house designed running and retrieving tools. The product line is complemented by our proprietary INFLATEDESIGNâ„ ¢ software package which aids in both job planning and execution. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker Oil Tools’ In? table Straddle Acidizing Packer (ISAPâ„ ¢) System is a unique, through-tubing, coiledtubing-conveyed well intervention system that provides a versatile and reliable method for accurate and selective ? uid placement. The ISAP System is particularly suited to such applications as water shutoff, chemical treatments, screen washing, leak testing and injection testing. Stimulation operations predominantly by means of acid have proven to be the most requested operation for the ISAP System. The system is particularly valuable in mature ? lds where reservoirs are depleted and production of undesirable ? uids is increasing. 2. 50 in. OD In? atable Element in 7. 00 in. OD Pipe Stimulation and Fracturing The ISAP System uses resettable elements that allow for multiple settings in a single coiled tubing trip with variable element spacing to allow for true selectivity. Several unique features ensure the highest degree of reliab ility. Additionally, because the ISAP System was designed for coiled tubing deployment, it requires no set-down weight to operate, making it ideal for highly deviated and horizontal wellbore applications.Key features and advantages †¢ Resettable operation allows single trip multiple zone settings †¢ No exposed control line; all plumbing is internal to the system †¢ Integral injection control valve allows for de? ation against CT overbalance †¢ No locked-in in? ation pressure maximizes element longevity and negates detrimental element temperature effects †¢ No set-down weight required †¢ De? ation of tool system to the annulus †¢ Stimulation ? uid maintained in CT between sets to eliminate loss of expensive chemicals 29 Case History South America Objective: The operator required a stimulation treatment on a perforated interval at 15,750 ft in a 7. 0 in. 32. 00lb/ft liner through a 5. 95 in. ID safety valve at 285? F. CT Solution: The ISAPâ„ ¢ too l dressed with two 4. 25 in. OD nickel alloy style elements and 16 ft spacing was deployed into the wellbore supporting a maximum CT overbalance of 3,200 psi. Two sets of the system were undertaken with a treatment recipe consisting of solvent, diesel and 7. 5% HCL. Result: After retrieval of the CT BHA and ISAP tool string, the well was brought back on line with production ? gures showing an increase of 4,200 bbls per day, to 6,000 bbls per day. Coiled Tubing Slip Type Coiled Tubing ConnectorDual Flapper Type Back Pressure Valve Ball Operated Secondary Hydraulic Release ISAPâ„ ¢ Track Record †¢ Acid stimulation intervention achieved 22 sets in a single CT trip †¢ 2,000 bbls HCL pumped with a total of 12 sets in a single CT run at an inclination of 90? †¢ 1,000 bbl polymer gel water control chemical treatment †¢ Successful operation in sour gas environment at up to 24. 5% H2S and with aromatic solvents such as xylene †¢ MSAPâ„ ¢ (mechanical rather than in? atable version for monobore applications) developed and run on coiled tubing Thru-Tubing In? atable Retrievable Packer.Please refer to Page 25. Thru-Tubing Retrievable Bridge Plug. Please refer to Page 24. Injection Control Valve Nipple Pro? le Locator Spotting Valve Upper ISAP Element Treatment Control Valve Lower ISAP Element Flow Actuated Drain Valve Selective Treatment Operations Using In? atable Straddle Acidizing Packer System (ISAP â„ ¢) 30 QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Products From the heart of our Remedial & Stimulation product line comes stimulation and fracturing tools including retrievable bridge plugs, cast iron bridge plugs and the highly successful line of QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Products.Easily deployed, retrieved and removed on coiled tubing, R&S Products meet stimulation and fracturing needs that include low-pressure, low-temperature environments as well as high-pressure applications when needed. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Increased production, less forma tion damage, and less rig time are all possible with QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Products. No other company has more successful experience in designing and manufacturing downhole tools from composites. And no other company has as much experience in milling composites.Now, Baker Oil Tools has leveraged its leadership in these two areas to produce the QUIK Drill System, a revolutionary system of zone isolation tools that includes Composite Bridge Plugs and Composite Frac Plugs manufactured entirely of advanced, high-performance composite materials. QUIK Drill is the industry’s most comprehensive system of optimized composite zone isolation and milling tools – a powerful advantage over ordinary tools. The QUIK Drill System makes it possible to rapidly isolate and treat or test multiple zones, each with different bottomhole pressures, while dramatically lowering the risk of formation damage.QUIK Drill System components are available in many sizes and types. QUIK Drill Comp osite Bridge Plugs and Frac Plugs offer a cost-effective way to independently isolate and treat or test multiple zones of interest in a single wellbore. When treatment is complete, the QUIK Drill Plug can be quickly removed in an underbalanced environment, paying signi? cant dividends in increased production and reduced formation damage. The underbalanced removal is typically accomplished with coiled-tubing-deployed downhole motors and milling tools.Baker Oil Tools developed its QUIK Drill line of composite products for monobore, multi-zone well applications that do not require high expansion elements to provide zone isolation. QUIK Drill products save the operator time and money by enabling quick and easy installation and removal. While easily deployed on either standard electric-line- or coiled-tubing-conveyed Baker setting equipment, QUIK Drill Composite Bridge Plugs and Composite Frac Plugs can be removed in a fraction of the time required to mill traditional cast iron products, and with reduced formation damage.QUIK Drill Composite Products can be installed under pressure in multizone, commingled gas wells without expensive formation kill-weight ? uids. After remedial operations, the QUIK Drill Plugs are removed with coiled-tubing-conveyed milling equipment using low-viscosity milling ? uids that minimize formation damage and easily remove composite cuttings from the wellbore. This is especially important because of the low annular velocities characteristic of coiled tubing operations. The wellbore is left cleaner than those using cast iron plugs in similar perations. QUIK Drill Composite Products have been tested to withstand high pressures and temperatures without compromising their pressure integrity and without the need for a cement barrier on top of the plug. Field runs have demonstrated that QUIK Drill Composite Products can be milled in as little as thirty minutes, compared to two hours for milling conventional cast iron bridge plugs. Multi-zone, c ommingled gas wells Stimulation and Fracturing QUIK Drill â„ ¢ Composite Bridge Plug 31 sing as many as seven QUIK Drill Bridge Plugs have been brought back on production after taking only 12 hours to remove all of the QUIK Drill Plugs, including rig-up and rig-down of the coiled tubing unit. Field runs also indicate QUIK Drill Composite Products can be milled quickly when set at depths exceeding 19,000 ft. Typical Application for the QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Bridge Plug Operator’s Objective: Discretely treat two or more zones having varying bottomhole pressures (BHP) while minimizing formation damage.Solution: Use Baker Oil Tools’ QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Bridge Plug to isolate zones of interest and enable removal in an underbalanced environment. Procedure: Step 1 – Install QUIK Drill under pressure Step 2 – Perform treating operations Step 3 – Remove QUIK Drill with coiled tubing under pressure Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 1: BHP is 11. 4 l b/g